%0 Journal Article
%T Hypotheses on Vacuum and Elementary Particles: The Friedmann-Planck Micro-Universe, Friedmann and Schwarzschild Photon Spheres
%A Raymond F¨¨vre
%J Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
%P 324-339
%@ 2380-4335
%D 2020
%I Scientific Research Publishing
%R 10.4236/jhepgc.2020.63026
%X This article presents the hypothesis that the vacuum is endowed with a quantum structure; the vacuum particles would be Friedmann-Planck micro-universes. For this, the article introduces a quantization of a closed Friedmann universe, then a quantization of the photon spheres filling this universe. This approach gives a numerical value consistent with cosmological measurements for the current dark energy density of our Universe. Next, the article takes the content of a model published in Physics Essays in 2013 [<a href=\"#ref1\" target=\"_blank\">1</a>], assuming that elementary particles are Schwarzschild photon spheres; these could be derived from the Friedmann photon spheres composing the vacuum particles. It is further recalled that the model presents a unified structure of elementary particles and allows us to calculate the value of the elementary electric charge as well as the mass of the elementary particles.
%K Friedmann Universe
%K Planck
%K Schwarzschild Photon Spheres
%K Cosmology
%K Elementary Particle Masses
%K Dark Energy
%U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=101122