%0 Journal Article
%T 以礼制俗:明初礼制与墓室壁画传统的骤衰
%A 张佳
%J 复旦学报(社会科学版)
%D 2017
%X 壁画墓是中国具有悠久历史的墓葬形式,宋代以来仿木构砖雕壁画墓兴起,更将其推至艺术顶峰。然而进入明代后,壁画墓的数量却骤然衰减,成为艺术史研究关注的一个重要问题。明代墓室壁画这种骤然而非渐进式的衰落,促使本文跳出“内在理路”的解释方式,转而探寻干预墓葬艺术发展的外部因素。在重建礼制的时代背景下,明初颁布了大量与房舍相关的礼仪规范,它们不仅适用于地上建筑,也影响到作为“阴宅”的墓室。这些规范涉及房舍的形制、装饰各个方面,诸如重檐斗拱、壁画彩绘等仿木构壁画墓所要表现的内容,均在严厉禁止之列。在建造方面,具备一定艺术水准的壁画墓,必须要由分工明确的专业匠人完成,非普通人可以措手;然而明代前期沿袭匠户制度,对工匠的创作约束极严,而且明初还专门确立了“罪坐工匠”的处罚原则,以求从根本上防范“逾制”现象的发生。综合以上因素,本文认为明初严格的礼制规范与社会监控,是导致墓室壁画传统衰落最为直接的原因。这不仅是墓葬艺术史上的一大转折,而且为明初国家权力干预民间生活的深度,提供了很好的例证。</br>Abstract：Mural tombs in China which emerged at least in the 1st century BC, had a long tradition. Tomb with paintings and imitation wood structure, was especially popular from 10th to 14th century. But at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, this decoration manner of tombs dramatically declined. Different from the inner perspective of the evolution of mural tombs, this paper tries to argue that the outer intervention was the main reason for this rapid decay. As the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, a lot of building regulations based on Confucian rites, were gradually promulgated. According to these regulations, the main decorative forms that the mural tombs try to represent, such as chongyan, dougong and colour ful decoration, were forbidden. The Ming government also emphasized that not only the building owners but also the craftsmen who disobeyed the ritual regulations, would be punish. These severe prohibitions and punishment, led to the sharp decline of mural tombs during the early Ming era.
%K 墓室壁画
%K 衰落
%K 房舍制度
%K 罪坐工匠&lt
%K /br&gt
%K mural tombs
%K decline
%K official rite
%K early Ming era
%U http://www.fdwkxb.fudan.edu.cn/CN/abstract/abstract1674.shtml