%0 Journal Article
%T 秩序与方法秩序与方法——荀子对政治与道德之关系的理解
%A 东方朔
%J 复旦学报(社会科学版)
%D 2017
%X 学者在讨论孟、荀两人的理论差异时，大多集中在他们各自所持的人性论之差异上，但他们在重建社会政治秩序的主题上却目标相同，即如何在一个充满“争”与“乱”的世界中重建合理的社会政治秩序。若因其所“同”而观其所“异”，则其所“异”的可能解释之一便表现在“如何建立秩序”的方法问题上。孟子主张以“仁心”之直推以求政治秩序之实现，荀子则坚持以客观化的“礼”为架构来重建政治秩序。孟子对建立政治秩序的思考完全基于个人自足的内在“仁心”。在就道德而言道德的角度上看，其思想无疑成就了道德的尊严和人格的伟大；但若必欲即此而言政治，却会因其对政治之特性缺乏可靠的认知基础而导致政治上的空想主义。荀子对重建政治秩序的致思则委诸于先王制作的“礼”，礼的内涵虽然包容甚广，但与孟子的“仁心”不同，荀子言礼的首出的意义是政治学的而非伦理学的，是为了去乱止争以实现“出于治”、“合于道”的政治目的而形成的一套制度设计。即此而言，在面对重建政治秩序的时代主题时，若与孟子言仁心之兴发和推扩相比，荀子的此一主张无疑更具有客观和可实行、可“设施”的特性。然而，荀子的礼既是政治学的，又是伦理学的，其间各自在根源上的分际并不明确；同时，由于荀子心目中紧紧绞固于政治秩序的实现，道德则不免沦为维护政治的手段，乃至常常以政治的方式来处理道德问题，其结果则导致对专制政治的强化。学者谓荀子尊君、重势、倾向于独断，良非无故也。</br>Abstract：In discussing the theoretical differences between Mencius and Xunzi, most of scholars' arguments focused on the issue of human nature, but on the topic about the reconstruction of the social political orders, Mencius and Xunzi shared the similar aims. If we observe their difference in the light of their similarity, the possible interpretation of the difference could be their different ways to reconstruct the political order: Mencius advocated the view that political order can be realized by extending one's mind of Ren (Renxin, 仁心) directly, while Xunzi insisted rebuilding the political order by objective ritual (Li, 礼) ; The former's discussion of politics depended on morality and on the contrary the latter's morality theory was based on politics. What Xunzi advocated is more objective and practical, while Mencius' thought tends to result in Utopian, although the idea of Ren manifests the dignity of morality and the greatness of personality. However, as Xunzi extremely focused on political order, morality in his thinking degrades into means for politics. In the present article the author attempts to demonstrate the similarity of both Mencius and Xunzi, and further analyzes their merits and demerits in theory.
%K 荀子
%K 孟子
%K 政治秩序
%K 仁
%K 礼&lt
%K /br&gt
%K Xunzi
%K Mencius
%K political order
%K mind of Ren
%K ritual
%U http://www.fdwkxb.fudan.edu.cn/CN/abstract/abstract1648.shtml