%0 Journal Article %T 世界历史视野中的中华文明 %A 张庆熊 %J 复旦学报(社会科学版) %D 2018 %X 当今世界存在四大文明类型:1.以儒家传统文化为特色的中华文明。儒家文化的影响力波及东亚的朝鲜和日本等国,在此意义上也把整个东亚文明归为同一类。2.以印度教和佛教为传统文化的印度文明,其影响力波及南亚诸国。某些东南亚国家的文化受到儒家文明和佛教文明的双重影响。3.以伊斯兰教为传统文化的中东文明(西亚和北非文明)。4.以基督教为传统文化的西方文明(欧洲、北美等地)。有关世界历史和人类文明,有许多不同的历史理论和文化理论对之论述。汤因比提出的模式是“挑战和应对”,黑格尔的模式是“世界精神的辩证发展论”,雅斯贝斯的模式是“起源于轴心时代的多元文明并行论”。这些理论在评论中华文明时有褒有贬。在十九世纪末和二十世纪初期,一些中国的知识分子面对西方列强过于文化自卑,主张全盘西化,这是不正确的态度。但在当下随着中国经济的高速发展,又容易滋生文化优越感,看不到自己文化和社会现实中存在的问题。对于历史真正好的态度是:从历史中吸取教训,从批评意见中反思我们自己的问题,这样才是真正的强者。近来,中国政治家提出“人类命运共同体”的观念,这是对中国传统文化优秀理念的继承,是面向世界社会的宽广胸怀。在世界各大文明中,唯有中国具有源远流长的“天下一家”的思想。相比而言,中国儒家思想更有全人类的关怀。当然,我们首先要把中国自己的事情办好,如此才能“兼济天下”。</br>Abstract：There are many different historical and cultural theories about world history and human civilizations. The pattern proposed by Arnold Joseph Toynbee is “challenges and responses”; Hegel's model is a dialectical development theory of the world spirit; the model of Jasper is a parallel theory of multiple civilizations originated in the axial age. There are favorable and unfavorable comments on Chinese civilization in those theories. What should we do with these theories? In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some Chinese intellectuals faced western powers with an excessive cultural inferiority and advocated a holistic approach to westernization, which was an incorrect attitude. But now, with the rapid development of China's economy, it is easy to breed cultural superiority and ignore the problems in our culture and social reality. The proper historical attitude is to learn from history and reflect on our own problems with a critical mind. Recently Chinese politics raised a concept of “human destiny community,” which is considered to be a heritage of the positive traditional culture and an open-mind toward the whole world. Chinese civilization is the only one among the major world civilizations to have a unique long-standing and established idea “tianxiayijia” (one world under heaven). The Confucian thought is comparatively more concerned with the humanity at large. But first we should put emphasis on the national causes and then extend the welfare to the international. %K 文明类型 %K 历史哲学 %K 并行论 %K 进阶论< %K /br> %K civilization type %K historical philosophy %K parallel theory %K evolution theory %U http://www.fdwkxb.fudan.edu.cn/CN/abstract/abstract2318.shtml