%0 Journal Article %T 关学的哲学意蕴——基于张载思想的考察 %A 杨国荣 %J 华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) %D 2017 %R 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.01.002 %X 摘要 关学奠基于张载，其基本特点与张载的思想难以分开。在天道观上，张载提出太虚即气，从这一观念看，气只有如何存在（聚或散）的问题，而无是否存在（有或无、实或空）的问题，哲学的视野和提问的方式由此发生了变化：对存在方式（如何在）的关注，开始取代对存在本身的质疑（是否在）。在张载那里，天道观与人道观彼此相关，在天道观上以对世界“如何在”的考察，取代了“是否在”的质疑，在人道观上进一步引向对人如何在的关切。以肯定人伦秩序为前提，张载进一步提出“为天地立心，为生民立道，为去圣继绝学，为万世开太平”的观念，其中包含理想意识与使命意识的统一，并在更内在的层面上展现了人的精神境界，后者既展现了普遍的价值追求，也体现了关学的内在精神。精神境界以人自身的成就或人的完善为指向。在如何成就人这一问题上，张载进一步提出了其人性理论及“变化气质”的观念，对孟子和荀子的人性理论作了双重扬弃，并由此对人之成为人的过程作出了新的阐发。</br>Abstract： The School of Guan(guanxue) was founded by ZHANG Zai and thus characterized by his philosophy. Concerning the Dao of Nature, ZHANG claims that the Ultimate Void(taixu) is qi as vital energy. So what matters is how qi exists through condensing and dispersing rather than whether qi exists or not(qi is being or non-being, real or empty). The philosophical perspective and the way of inquiry consequently transforms from questioning being itself to examining the way of being. Due to the close relationship between the Dao of Nature and the Dao of human beings in ZHANG, the examination of the way of being in the Dao of Nature leads to the focus on the way of existence in the Dao of human beings. Confirming ethical orders, ZHANG advocates the doctrine of "establishing the mind-heart for the heaven and earth, establishing the Dao for human beings, continuing the wisdom of past sages and bringing great peace to future generations". Embodying the value pursuit in general and the essential spirit of guanxue in particular, this doctrine units ideal and duty, and demonstrates human spiritual realm at a deeper level. Spiritual realm targets at the achievement and perfection of a human being himself. When discussing this issue, ZHANG develops his theory of human nature and the idea of "transforming the psycho-physical"(bianhua qizhi). Overcoming the theories of human nature in Mencius and Xunzi, he provides a new interpretation of the becoming of a human being. %K 太虚即气 %K 人道 %K 变化气质 %K < %K /br> %K the Ultimate Void is < %K em> %K qi< %K /em> %K the Dao of human beings %K transforming the psycho-physical %U http://xbzs.ecnu.edu.cn/CN/abstract/abstract11069.shtml