%0 Journal Article
%T Hepatic Cerebroside Sulfotransferase Is Induced by PPAR¦Á Activation in Mice
%A Takefumi Kimura
%A Takero Nakajima
%A Yuji Kamijo
%A Naoki Tanaka
%A Lixuan Wang
%A Atsushi Hara
%A Eiko Sugiyama
%A Eiji Tanaka
%A Frank J. Gonzalez
%A Toshifumi Aoyama
%J PPAR Research
%D 2012
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2012/174932
%X Sulfatides are one of the major sphingoglycolipids in mammalian serum and are synthesized and secreted mainly from the liver as a component of lipoproteins. Recent studies revealed a protective role for serum sulfatides against arteriosclerosis and hypercoagulation. Although peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ¦Á has important functions in hepatic lipoprotein metabolism, its association with sulfatides has not been investigated. In this study, sulfatide levels and the expression of enzymes related to sulfatide metabolism were examined using wild-type (+/+), Ppara-heterozygous (+/£¿), and Ppara-null (£¿/£¿) mice given a control diet or one containing 0.1% fenofibrate, a clinically used hypolipidemic drug and PPAR¦Á activator. Fenofibrate treatment increased serum and hepatic sulfatides in Ppara (+/+) and (+/£¿) mice through a marked induction of hepatic cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST), a key enzyme in sulfatide synthesis, in a PPAR¦Á-dependent manner. Furthermore, increases in CST mRNA levels were correlated with mRNA elevations of several known PPAR¦Á target genes, and such changes were not observed for other sulfatide-metabolism enzymes in the liver. These results suggest that PPAR¦Á activation enhances hepatic sulfatide synthesis via CST induction and implicate CST as a novel PPAR¦Á target gene. 1. Introduction Sulfatides are sphingoglycolipids composed of sphingoid, fatty acid, galactose, and sulfate [1] that are distributed in various tissues such as the central nervous system, kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract [1¨C4]. Glycolipids are also present in the serum as one of the major components of lipoproteins [1]. Several studies have revealed a protective role for serum sulfatides against arteriosclerosis and hypercoagulation [5]. Serum levels of sulfatides are markedly decreased in humans with end-stage renal failure [6] but normalize after renal transplantation [7]. However, the precise mechanism regulating serum sulfatide concentrations in humans remains unclear. Previously studies demonstrated that serum sulfatide levels were strongly correlated with hepatic, but not renal, sulfatide levels in mice with protein overload nephropathy, and that decreased serum sulfatide levels were also associated with the downregulation of hepatic expression of cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST), a key enzyme in sulfatide synthesis [8]. These and previous findings suggest the possible participation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in the regulation of serum and liver sulfatide metabolisms. To examine this possibility, serum
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ppar/2012/174932/