%0 Journal Article
%T A New Look at Trigger Point Injections
%A Clara S. M. Wong
%A Steven H. S. Wong
%J Anesthesiology Research and Practice
%D 2012
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2012/492452
%X Trigger point injections are commonly practised pain interventional techniques. However, there is still lack of objective diagnostic criteria for trigger points. The mechanisms of action of trigger point injection remain obscure and its efficacy remains heterogeneous. The advent of ultrasound technology in the noninvasive real-time imaging of soft tissues sheds new light on visualization of trigger points, explaining the effect of trigger point injection by blockade of peripheral nerves, and minimizing the complications of blind injection. 1. Introduction Myofascial pain syndrome is a common, painful musculoskeletal disorder characterized by the presence of trigger points. They have been implicated in patients with headache, neck pain, low back pain, and various other musculoskeletal and systemic disorders [1¨C4]. The prevalence of myofascial trigger points among patients complaining of pain anywhere in the body ranged from 30% to 93% [5]. Although the most important strategy in treatment of myofascial pain syndrome is to identify the etiological lesion that causes the activation of trigger points and to treat the underlying pathology [6], trigger point injections are still commonly practised pain interventional technique for symptomatic relief. Despite the popularity of trigger point injections, the pathophysiology of myofascial trigger points remains unclear. Localization of a trigger point is often based on the physician¡¯s examination. However, such physical examination is often unreliable. Lack of objective clinical measurements has also been a barrier for critically evaluating the efficacy of the therapeutic methods. Ultrasound is used extensively for noninvasive real-time imaging of soft tissues including muscle, nerve, tendon, fascia, and blood vessels. With the advent of portable ultrasound technology, ultrasound is now commonly employed in the field of regional analgesia. In this paper, we will look at the potential application of ultrasound in trigger point injections. 2. Diagnosis of Trigger Points Physician¡¯s sense of feel and patient expressions of pain upon palpation are the most commonly used method to localize a trigger point. The most common physical finding is palpation of a hypersensitive bundle or nodule of muscle fibre of harder than normal consistency. The palpation will elicit pain over the palpated muscle and/or cause radiation of pain towards the zone of reference in addition to a twitch response [7]. In myofascial pain syndrome, trigger points have been classified into active or latent. In an active trigger point, there is an
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/arp/2012/492452/