%0 Journal Article
%T Determination of Effective Atomic Numbers Using Different Methods for Some Low-Z Materials
%A Vishwanath P. Singh
%A N. M. Badiger
%A Nil Kucuk
%J Journal of Nuclear Chemistry
%D 2014
%R 10.1155/2014/725629
%X In the present work, different methods were used to determine the effective atomic numbers of some low-Z materials, namely, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), Perspex (PX), polycarbonate (PC), nylon 6-6 (PA-6), plaster of Paris (POP), and TH/L2. These methods are the direct method, the interpolation method, Auto- software, and single value XMuDat computer program. Some of the results obtained were compared with experimental data wherever possible. It can be concluded from this work that the effective atomic numbers calculated with the direct, the interpolation and Auto- methods demonstrate a good agreement in Compton scattering and pair production energy regions. A large difference in the effective atomic numbers calculated by the direct and the interpolation methods of low-Z materials was also observed in photoelectric and pair production regions. It was determined that PE, PS, PX, and PA-6 were equivalent to adipose and muscle; POP was equivalent to cortical bone; TH/L2 was equivalent to thyroid tissue; PP was equivalent to yellow bone marrow and adipose tissues; PC was equivalent to spongiosa. 1. Introduction Simulation of radiation dose distribution in human organs and tissues is possible by tissue equivalent materials. ICRU report 44 [1] describes various types of tissue substitutes for human organs and tissues. Tissue substitutes are being used for phantom, medical applications, radiology, nuclear engineering, health physics, radiation physics, radiation dosimetry, radiation protection, and space research. The effective atomic number is photon interaction parameter which is used for dosimetric properties. The effective atomic numbers can be calculated using different methods such as the direct method, the interpolation method, Auto- software, and single value XMuDat computer program. Many researchers have made extensive effective atomic numbers studies on a variety of materials such as gaseous mixtures [2], dosimetric materials [3¨C5], alloys [6¨C9], semiconductors [10, 11], building materials [12], glasses [13, 14], soils [15, 16], amino acids [17], fatty acids [18], minerals [19], and biological samples [20, 21]. In this study, the effective atomic numbers for low-Z materials have been determined using the direct, the interpolation, Auto- , and XMuDat methods. The theoretical results were compared with experimental data wherever possible. This study should be useful for readily available effective atomic numbers of the low-Z materials for choice of appropriate computational method. 2. Calculation Methods Mass attenuation
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnc/2014/725629/