%0 Journal Article
%T Bone marrow cell transplantation efficiently repairs tendon and ligament injuries
%A Taketoshi Kushida
%J Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
%D 2014
%I Frontiers Media
%R 10.3389/fcell.2014.00027
%X Abstract Growth factors play key roles during the various stages of the tendon healing process and stimulate fibroblasts within or outside the tendon to induce type-I collagen synthesis. Furthermore, localized administration of growth factors has been successfully used for treating tendon and ligament injuries in animal models. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplants have also been previously used to treat tendon and ligament injuries. MSCs can differentiate into fibroblasts, which secrete growth factors and cytokines that are essential for extrinsic healing and improved vascularization of the damaged tendon or ligament tissue. In addition, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)-derived hematolymphoid cells secrete growth factors and cytokines required for extrinsic healing. Therefore, a novel cost-efficient approach involves injecting fresh whole bone marrow cells, consisting of both MSCs and HSCs, into the injured tissue enables rapid healing. 1. Introduction Growth factors such as transforming growth factor-¦Â (TGF-¦Â), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been associated with the tendon healing process (Molloy et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2003). Among these growth factors, TGF-¦Â1 plays a key role during the various tissue repair stages and is secreted not only by fibroblasts differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but also by several types of cells that differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs; Sporn et al.,1986). In this review, the role of TGF-¦Â and MSC-derived fibroblasts in tendon or ligament tissue repair is described. Furthermore, the potential application of bone marrow cell transplantation (BMCT) as a novel method for treating tendon and ligament injuries is also discussed. 2.1 Healing process Human tendon healing process is classified into five phases as follows: immediate post injury phase, inflammatory phase, proliferation phase, reparative phase, and remodeling phase (Molloy et al., 2003). Tissue repair depends on both intrinsic and extrinsic processes. Intrinsic healing occurs within the tendon itself as a result of the activity of intrinsic fibroblasts and an increased intratendinous blood supply from the synovium and osseous insertion (Rank et al., 1980; Deie et al., 1995; Koga et al., 2007). Extrinsic factors that influence tissue repair include the availability of proteins originating from peripheral fibroblasts, plasma, inflammatory cells, and extratendinous vascular invasion (DesRosiers et
%K Bone marrow cell transplantation
%K Tendon
%K Ligament
%K TGF-¦Â
%K fibroblast
%U http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fcell.2014.00027/full