%0 Journal Article %T Nitric Oxide Scavenger Carboxy-PTIO Impaired Memory of Avoidance Conditioning in Goldfish %A X. Xu %A K. Zmolek %J Open Journal of Social Sciences %P 86-89 %@ 2327-5960 %D 2014 %I Scientific Research Publishing %R 10.4236/jss.2014.25017 %X The long-term potentiation (LTP), an activity-induced increase in the efficacy of neurotransmission, has long been conceived to be a physiological correlate of learning and memory. Investigations of synaptic transmission suggest that the postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is the upstream mediator of LTP, while nitric oxide (NO), a retrograde messenger from postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic neuron, is the downstream mediator of LTP. Our previous studies showed that microinjections of NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 to the goldfish telencephalon prior to trainings impaired learning of avoidance conditioning in goldfish. However, microinjections of D-AP5 to the goldfish telencephalon immediately following trainings did not impair memory of avoidance conditioning. Carboxy-PTIO is a NO scavenger that prevents NO from reaching the presynaptic neurons. The present study investigated the effects of microinjections of carboxy-PTIO to the goldfish telencephalon immediately following trainings on avoidance conditioning. The results showed that microinjections of carboxy-PTIO to the goldfish telencephalon immediately following trainings impaired memory of avoidance conditioning. %K Avoidance Conditioning %K Memory Consolidation %K Nitric oxide %K Goldfish %U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=45805