%0 Journal Article
%T Associations of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Framingham Cardiovascular Risk with Diabetic Retinopathy in African Type 2 Diabetics
%A Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
%A Moise Mvitu Muaka
%A Thierry Gombet
%A Igor Longo Phemba
%A Stephen Cook
%A Emmanuel Mve Mengome
%J World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases
%P 179-188
%@ 2164-5337
%D 2014
%I Scientific Research Publishing
%R 10.4236/wjcd.2014.44026
%X Objectives: To assess the associations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and Framingham cardiovascular (CVD) with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: A cross-sectional study of random sample of 200 T2DM Central Africans. Sociobiographical, laboratory and eye examination main outcome measures were investigated using Tertiles of HDL-C (stratification = lowest < 40 mg/dL, normal or interdemiate = 40 - 74.9 mg/dL, highest ¡Ý 75 mg/dL) and Framingham risk stratification (<10% and ¡Ý10%) by logistic regression models. Results: Out of 200 T2DM patients, 120 (35.5%) had DR and out of DR patients, 116 (n = 96.7%) had VD. There was a significant U- shaped relationship between DR rates and HDL-C stratification. In the normal HDL-C group, elevated 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and 10-year Framingham risk > 10% were the significant independent determinants for DR. In the highest HDL-C group, smoking status and 10-year Framingham risk ¡Ý 10% were the significantly independent determinants for DR. In 10-year Framingham risk ¡Ý 10% group, smoking status, insulin resistance and increasing levels of HDL-C were the significantly independent determinants for DR. Conclusion: DR and VD remain a public health problem in T2DM Central Africans. Some Central Africans with DR and VD appear to have higher HDL-C than T2DM Central Africans without DR and VD. HDL-C in T2DM patients with DR, may be tightly controlled by genetic factors (black Bantu ethnicity) than the other lipoproteins as reported among Indians, African-Americans, and Japanese individuals. The most preventable environmental risk factors for DR were smoking status, global cardiovascular disease risk, insulin resistance and oxidative stress.
%K Diabetic Retinopathy
%K Visual Disability
%K Higher High Density Lipoprotein
%K Smoking
%K Insulin Resistance
%K Oxidative Stress
%K Africans
%U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=45312