%0 Journal Article
%T The Variations in the Soil Enzyme Activity, Protein Expression, Microbial Biomass, and Community Structure of Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals
%A Xi Zhang
%A Feng Li
%A Tingting Liu
%A Chen Xu
%A Dechao Duan
%A Cheng Peng
%A Shenhai Zhu
%A Jiyan Shi
%J ISRN Soil Science
%D 2013
%R 10.1155/2013/803150
%X Heavy metals have adverse effects on soil ecology. Given the toxicity of heavy metals, there is an urgent need to select an appropriate indicator that will aid in monitoring their biological effects on soil ecosystems. By combining different monitoring techniques for various aspects of microbiology, the effects of heavy metals on soil microorganisms near a smelter were studied. Our goal was to determine whether proteins could be a proper indicator for soil pollution. This study demonstrated that the activities of acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase, as well as the levels of microbial biomass carbon and proteins, were negatively affected by heavy metals. In addition, significantly negative correlations were observed between these microbial indicators and heavy metals. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis was used in this study to demonstrate that heavy metals also have a significantly negative effect on soil microbial diversity and community structure. The soil protein expression was similar across different soils, but a large quantity of presumably low molecular weight protein was observed only in contaminated soil. Based on this research, we determined that the soil protein concentration was more sensitive to heavy metals than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, or microbial biomass carbon because it was more dramatically decreased in the contaminated soils. Therefore, we concluded that the soil protein level has great potential to be a sensitive indicator of soil contamination. Further research is essential, particularly to identify the low molecular weight protein that only appears in contaminated soil, so that further insight can be gained into the responses of microbes to heavy metals. 1. Introduction Heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) can be introduced into soils from several sources, such as waste from mines and smelters, atmospheric deposition, animal manures, sewage sludge, and, in some circumstances, inorganic fertilizer. Once these elements enter the soil, they can remain for extremely long periods and are difficult to remove [1]. Heavy metals are known to be toxic to most organisms when present in excessive concentrations [2]. Given the toxicity of these elements, there is an urgent need to monitor their biological effects on soil ecosystems. Soil microbes play vital roles in the recycling of plant nutrients, the maintenance of soil structure, and the detoxification of poisonous chemicals [3]. Therefore, the diversity of microbial communities and the activity of microorganisms are important indicators of soil quality.
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn.soil.science/2013/803150/