%0 Journal Article
%T Family Process and Peer Influences on Substance Use by Adolescents
%A Alice Yuen Loke
%A Yim-wah Mak
%J International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
%D 2013
%I MDPI AG
%R 10.3390/ijerph10093868
%X This study explores the association of family process and peer influences with risk behaviors of adolescents. A total of 805 students were recruited from secondary schools. The results showed that adolescents who have parents who are ¡°authoritarian¡± (OR = 1.856) were more likely to smoke. Adolescents who have conflicts with their parents (OR = 1.423) were more likely to drink. Those who have parents who are ¡°permissive¡± were less likely to drink (OR = 0.885). Having friends who smoked (OR = 5.446) or drank (OR = 1.894), and friends¡¯ invitation to smoke (OR = 10.455) or drink (OR = 11.825) were the dominant contributors to adolescent smoking and drinking. Interventions are needed that recognize the strength of the parent-child relationship, as well as strengthen family functioning through improved interpersonal, parenting, and monitoring skills.
%K family structure
%K family process
%K parental style
%K substance use
%K adolescents
%U http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/10/9/3868