%0 Journal Article
%T Programmed Cell Death in Neurospora crassa
%A A. Pedro Gon£¿alves
%A Arnaldo Videira
%J New Journal of Science
%D 2014
%R 10.1155/2014/479015
%X Programmed cell death has been studied for decades in mammalian cells, but simpler organisms, including prokaryotes, plants, and fungi, also undergo regulated forms of cell death. We highlight the usefulness of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa as a model organism for the study of programmed cell death. In N. crassa, cell death can be triggered genetically due to hyphal fusion between individuals with different allelic specificities at het loci, in a process called ¡°heterokaryon incompatibility.¡± Chemical induction of cell death can also be achieved upon exposure to death-inducing agents like staurosporine, phytosphingosine, or hydrogen peroxide. A summary of the recent advances made by our and other groups on the discovery of the mechanisms and mediators underlying the process of cell death in N. crassa is presented. 1. Neurospora crassa as a Model Organism Neurospora crassa is a nonpathogenic filamentous fungus, very easy to maintain, grow, and manipulate. N. crassa enjoys modest nutritional requirements: the common minimal medium (Vogel¡¯s minimal medium) includes a sugar, a nitrogen source (ammonium and nitrate), phosphate, sulfate, potassium, magnesium, calcium, trace metals, and a small amount of the vitamin biotin [1]. Moreover, N. crassa is one of the fastest growing filamentous fungi (approximately 10£¿cm per day under optimal conditions), justifying its appearance among the first colonizers of recently burned vegetation [2]. It is prone to genetic experiments like the induction of mutations, genes, and mutants isolation, microscopic analysis, biochemical testing, and so on. Thus, Neurospora presents some features that turn it into a very attractive option to be used in the laboratory. N. crassa is a multicellular ascomycete. It was initially documented in 1843, when several Parisian bakeries were infested by cultures of an orange sporulating mould [3]. A century later, mycologists Cornelius Shear and Bernard Dodge moved it to the Neurospora genus, based on the discovery that this fungus possesses a sexual morphological structure called perithecia [4]. Literally translated, ¡°Neurospora¡± means ¡°nerve¡± plus ¡°spore¡± and the explanation for this name resides in the fact that the fungal spores display longitudinal striations resembling animal axons which belong to the nervous system. In its natural habitat, Neurospora is found essentially in tropical and subtropical regions but also in temperate climates [2]. Figure 1 shows spots of N. crassa colonization that can be easily observed following a forest fire. During the 20th century, this fungus
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