%0 Journal Article
%T Detecting Silent Vocalizations in a Locked-In Subject
%A Elina Sarmah
%A Philip Kennedy
%J Neuroscience Journal
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/594624
%X Problem Addressed. Decoding of silent vocalization would be enhanced by detecting vocalization onset. This is necessary in order to improve decoding of neural firings and thus synthesize near conversational speech in locked-in subjects implanted with brain computer interfacing devices. Methodology. Cortical recordings were obtained during attempts at inner speech in a mute and paralyzed subject (ER) implanted with a recording electrode to detect and analyze lower beta band peaks meeting the criterion of a minimum 0.2% increase in the power spectrum density (PSD). To provide supporting data, three speaking subjects were used in a similar testing paradigm using EEG signals recorded over the speech area. Results. Conspicuous lower beta band peaks were identified around the time of assumed speech onset. The correlations between single unit firings, recorded at the same time as the continuous neural signals, were found to increase after the lower beta band peaks as compared to before the peaks. Studies in the nonparalyzed control individuals suggested that the lower beta band peaks were related to the movement of the articulators of speech (tongue, jaw, and lips), not to higher order speech processes. Significance and Potential Impact. The results indicate that the onset of silent and overt speech is associated with a sharp peak in lower beta band activity¡ªan important step in the development of a speech prosthesis. This raises the possibility of using these peaks in online applications to assist decoding paradigms being developed to decode speech from neural signal recordings in mute humans. 1. Introduction Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a clinical condition in which subjects suffer from complete paralysis and cannot speak but are awake and cognitively intact. This syndrome results from pontine ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other etiologies. It has been a long-term goal for many researchers to provide these subjects with a means of communication. Currently, assistive communication for locked-in individuals can be achieved via various devices such as external or EMG switches [1], EEG [2], ECOG [3], or by using implanted electrodes within the brain [4¨C7]. The external noninvasive methods to produce speech output are inherently slow, with speech sounds being produced from a computer speaker after the subject has slowly spelled out what he/she wants to say. Decoding of neuronal activity from the cortical speech area is more likely to provide a more natural communication rate, perhaps approaching conversational speed.
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/neuroscience/2013/594624/