%0 Journal Article
%T Markers of Oxidative Stress during Diabetes Mellitus
%A Brahm Kumar Tiwari
%A Kanti Bhooshan Pandey
%A A. B. Abidi
%A Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
%J Journal of Biomarkers
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/378790
%X The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rising all over the world. Uncontrolled state of hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion/action leads to a variety of complications including peripheral vascular diseases, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, morbidity, and/or mortality. Large body of evidence suggests major role of reactive oxygen species/oxidative stress in development and progression of diabetic complications. In the present paper, we have discussed the recent researches on the biomarkers of oxidative stress during type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and insulin action or both. The chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of normal functioning of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels [1, 2]. Diabetes-specific microvascular disease is a leading cause of blindness, renal failure, and nerve damage [3]. The prevalence of diabetes is rising all over the world due to population growth, aging, urbanisation, and the increase of obesity due to physical inactivity. Unlike the West, where the older are most affected, diabetes in Asian countries is comparatively high in young to middle-aged people. All these complications have long-lasting adverse effects on a nation¡¯s health and economy, especially for developing countries. As per estimate of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the total number of people in India with diabetes which was around 50.8 million in 2010 would be 87.0 million by 2030 [4]. Hyperglycaemia generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn cause damage to the cells in many ways. Damage to the cells ultimately results in secondary complications in diabetes mellitus [5, 6]. In the present paper, we have discussed the markers of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. The involvement of ROS in the aetiology and the development of late complications have also been addressed. The review further examines the main toxic effects of ROS on lipid, protein, glutathione metabolism, catalase, superoxide dismutases, and antioxidant capacity of plasma. 2. Diabetic Complications Diabetes is a major source of morbidity, mortality, and economic cost to the society. People with diabetes showed the risk of the development of acute metabolic complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, and hypoglycaemia [7, 8]. In addition to this, diabetics are also at risk of experiencing
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jbm/2013/378790/