%0 Journal Article
%T Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting Resting Spore Formation in the Mite Pathogen Neozygites floridana
%A Vanessa da Silveira Duarte
%A Karin Westrum
%A Ana Elizabete Lopes Ribeiro
%A Manoel Guedes Corr那a Gondim Junior
%A Ingeborg Klingen
%A Italo Delalibera J迆nior
%J International Journal of Microbiology
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/276168
%X Neozygites floridana is an obligate mite pathogenic fungus in the Entomophthoromycota. It has been suggested that resting spores of this fungus are produced as a strategy to survive adverse conditions. In the present study, possible mechanisms involved in the regulation of resting spore formation were investigated in the hosts Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi. Abiotic and biotic factors mimicking conditions that we, based on earlier field studies, thought might induce resting spores in temperate and tropical regions were tested with isolates from Norway and Brazil. A total of 42 combinations of conditions were tested, but only one induced the formation of a high number of resting spores in only one isolate. The Brazilian isolate ESALQ1420 produced a large number of resting spores (51.5%) in T. urticae at a temperature of 11∼C, photoperiod of 10L:14D, and light intensity of 42每46 (米molˋmˋ2ˋsˋ1) on nonsenescent plants (nondiapausing females). Resting spores of the Brazilian N. floridana isolate ESALQ1421 were found at very low levels (up to 1.0%). Small percentages of T. urticae with resting spores (0每5.0%) were found for the Norwegian isolate NCRI271/04 under the conditions tested. The percentages of resting spores found for the Norwegian isolate in our laboratory studies are similar to the prevalence reported in earlier field studies. 1. Introduction The entomopathogenic fungal genus Neozygites belongs to the order Neozygitales in the class Neozygitomycetes in the phylum Entomophthoromycota [1]. Fungi in this genus attack small arthropods such as mealybugs, aphids, thrips, and mites [2]. Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma) Remaudi豕re and Keller is pathogenic to several species of plant-feeding spider mites [3], and it is an important natural enemy of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the red tomato spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard (Acari:ˋTetranychidae) [4每6]. For many of the fungal species within the Entomophthoromycota, zygospores and azygospores are important for fungal survival during periods of adverse conditions (e.g., winter, dry season, or host absence), and they are therefore called resting spores [7]. N. floridana is an obligate pathogen, and this fungal species may also form resting spores to survive adverse conditions [7每10]. Resting spores of N. floridana have been reported in the field in temperate regions in T. urticae populations in late summer, fall, and winter [6, 8, 11], and N. floridana resting spore prevalences of up to 13.8% were found in T. urticae in Norway [8]. Carner [12]
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2013/276168/