%0 Journal Article
%T Detection of Bacterial Endospores in Soil by Terbium Fluorescence
%A Andrea Brandes Ammann
%A Linda K£¿lle
%A Helmut Brandl
%J International Journal of Microbiology
%D 2011
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2011/435281
%X Spore formation is a survival mechanism of microorganisms when facing unfavorable environmental conditions resulting in ¡°dormant¡± states. We investigated the occurrence of bacterial endospores in soils from various locations including grasslands (pasture, meadow), allotment gardens, and forests, as well as fluvial sediments. Bacterial spores are characterized by their high content of dipicolinic acid (DPA). In the presence of terbium, DPA forms a complex showing a distinctive photoluminescence spectrum. DPA was released from soil by microwaving or autoclaving. The addition of aluminium chloride reduced signal quenching by interfering compounds such as phosphate. The highest spore content (up to 109 spores per gram of dry soil) was found in grassland soils. Spore content is related to soil type, to soil depth, and to soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Our study might provide a basis for the detection of ¡°hot spots¡± of bacterial spores in soil. 1. Introduction The formation of spores is a survival mechanism of microorganisms when exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., heavy metal stress, nutrient limitations) leading to a ¡°dormant¡± or ¡°resting¡± growth state [1, 2]. A variety of bacteria identified in diverse habitats including soil is able to form endospores. These physiological groups include aerobic heterotrophs (e.g., Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Thermoactinomyces, and Sporolactobacillus), anaerobes (Clostridium, Anaerobacter, and Desulfotomaculum), microaerophiles (Sporolactobacillus), halophiles (Sporohalobacter), and phototrophs (Heliobacterium, Heliophilum) [3, 4]. Bacterial spores are characterized by a series of unique chemical features which can facilitate their identification in natural environments. Besides the high content of minerals (particularly calcium), spores contain high amounts of dipicolinic acid, DPA [5]. DPA is uniquely found in bacterial spores in amounts of up to 25% of the spore dry weight and depends on the bacterial species [6, 7]. In solution, a complex is formed in the presence of terbium which shows a very strong and distinctive fluorescence spectrum [8]. Originally, DPA was used to detect very low concentrations of terbium (III) [9]. On this basis, methods for the detection of bacterial endospores have been developed [10¨C13]: by the addition of terbium, the DPA content was determined. However, terbium-DPA fluorescence might be interfered by a series of compounds, especially when DPA has to be determined in complex samples such as sediments or soils. It has been reported that the presence
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2011/435281/