%0 Journal Article
%T Intron Retention and TE Exonization Events in ZRANB2
%A Sang-Je Park
%A Jae-Won Huh
%A Young-Hyun Kim
%A Heui-Soo Kim
%A Kyu-Tae Chang
%J International Journal of Genomics
%D 2012
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2012/170208
%X The Zinc finger, RAN-binding domain-containing protein 2 (ZRANB2), contains arginine/serine-rich (RS) domains that mediate its function in the regulation of alternative splicing. The ZRANB2 gene contains 2 LINE elements (L3b, Plat_L3) between the 9th and 10th exons. We identified the exonization event of a LINE element (Plat_L3). Using genomic PCR, RT-PCR amplification, and sequencing of primate DNA and RNA samples, we analyzed the evolutionary features of ZRANB2 transcripts. The results indicated that 2 of the LINE elements were integrated in human and all of the tested primate samples (hominoids: 3 species; Old World monkey: 8 species; New World monkey: 6 species; prosimian: 1 species). Human, rhesus monkey, crab-eating monkey, African-green monkey, and marmoset harbor the exon derived from LINE element (Plat_L3). RT-PCR amplification revealed the long transcripts and their differential expression patterns. Intriguingly, these long transcripts were abundantly expressed in Old World monkey lineages (rhesus, crab-eating, and African-green monkeys) and were expressed via intron retention (IR). Thus, the ZRANB2 gene produces 3 transcript variants in which the Cterminus varies by transposable elements (TEs) exonization and IR mechanisms. Therefore, ZRANB2 is valuable for investigating the evolutionary mechanisms of TE exonization and IR during primate evolution. 1. Introduction Zinc finger, RAN-binding domain-containing protein 2 (ZRANB2), also known as ZIS and ZNF265, lies on human chromosome 1p31 and was identified in rat renal juxtaglomerular (JG) cells [1], human [2], and mouse [3]. ZRANB2 contains 2 zinc finger domains, a C-terminal RS (arginine/serine-rich) domain, a glutamic acid-rich domain, and a nuclear localization sequence [4]. It interacts with components of the splicing factors U170K, U2AF35, and XE7 and regulates splicing of GluR-B, SMN2, and Tra2¦Â [5¨C7]. The 2 zinc finger domains recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and bind to a consensus AGGUAA motif [8]. ZRANB2, thus, mediates alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, and is highly conserved from nematodes to humans [3, 5, 9]. Alternative splicing (AS) of premessenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) is an important molecular mechanism that increases human transcriptome complexity and flexibility [10]. Genome-wide analyses of AS events suggest that 40¨C60% of human genes have alternatively spliced transcripts [11]. With the aid of accumulated transcriptome sequencing data, 5 distinct AS mechanisms have been identified, including exon skipping, alternative 5¡ä splice
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijg/2012/170208/