%0 Journal Article
%T Urine Annexin A1 as an Index for Glomerular Injury in Patients
%A Shuk-Man Ka
%A Pei-Yi Tsai
%A Tai-Kuang Chao
%A Shun-Min Yang
%A Yi-Jen Hung
%A Jin-Shuen Chen
%A Hao-Ai Shui
%A Ann Chen
%J Disease Markers
%D 2014
%R 10.1155/2014/854163
%X Background. We recently demonstrated high urine levels of annexin A1 (ANXA1) protein in a mouse Adriamycin-induced glomerulopathy (ADG) model. Objective. To establish ANXA1 as a potential biomarker for glomerular injury in patients. Methods. A time-course study in the mouse ADG model, followed by renal tissues and urine samples from patients with various types of glomerular disorders for ANXA1. Results. Urinary ANXA1 protein was (1) detectable in both the ADG model and in patients except those with minimal change disease (MCD); (2) positively correlated with renal lesions in patients; and (3) early detectable in diabetes patients with normoalbuminuria. Conclusions. ANXA1 is a universal biomarker that is helpful in the early diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and outcome monitoring of glomerular injury. Measurement of urinary ANXA1 protein levels can help in differentiating MCD from other types of glomerular disorders. 1. Introduction Despite their well-known limitations, currently, the most widely used biomarkers for the early detection of chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury are proteinuria, serum creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). However, all of these indexes are less than optimal and are probably more relevant to later stages of injury, when therapeutic responses might be poor. The value of using serum Cr or albuminuria as a reliable urinary marker is being increasingly challenged in terms of its prediction value in certain renal conditions [1, 2]. In addition, regardless of the type of glomerular disorder, neither albumin nor Cr is produced in the kidney. Recently, there has been great interest in strategies aimed at identifying novel biomarkers that can be easily detected in a noninvasive way (such as the use of urine samples) and can predict renal damage during the earlier stages [3]. Glomerular disorders represent a major health care problem because of their high mortality and morbidity rates [4]. Several studies have demonstrated that glomerular disorders are a multifactorial process caused by immune and nonimmune mechanisms that lead to glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, loss of renal parenchyma, and renal vascular changes [5, 6]. Although glomerular disorders can cause significant morbidity and mortality, they are treatable and constitute a preventable cause of renal failure and cardiovascular risk [7]. Importantly, the early recognition of the disease and the timely institution of appropriate treatment for patients with glomerular disorders should be beneficial. We recently
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/dm/2014/854163/