%0 Journal Article
%T Sex Differences in Associations of Depressive Symptoms with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among African Americans
%A Denise C. Cooper
%A Ranak B. Trivedi
%A Karin M. Nelson
%A Gayle E. Reiber
%A Alan B. Zonderman
%A Michele K. Evans
%A Shari R. Waldstein
%J Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/979185
%X Young to middle-aged women usually have notably lower rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than their male counterparts, but African American women lack this advantage. Their elevated CVD may be influenced by sex differences in associations between depressed mood and CVD risk factors. This cross-sectional study examined whether relations between scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale and a spectrum of CVD risk factors varied by sex among African Americans ( ; ages 30每64) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. Sex-stratified multiple regressions and logistic regressions were conducted. Among women, CES-D scores correlated positively with systolic blood pressure and waist-to-hip ratio ( ), but inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ( ). Women had twice the odds for metabolic syndrome if CES-D scores ≡16 and had a ≡14% increase in odds of hypertension, abdominal obesity, and low HDL-C with each 5-unit increase in CES-D scores. Among men, CES-D scores correlated positively with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( ), and odds of hypertension increased by 21% with each 5-unit increase in CES-D scores. Depressive symptoms may promote premature CVD risk in African Americans, at least in part, via CVD risk factors and prevalent metabolic syndrome, particularly in African American women. 1. Introduction Young to middle-aged African American women have elevated rates of premature cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1, 2], including greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [3] and higher cumulative incidence of heart failure before age 50 [4] than African American men. These sex differences in CVD before age 65 have not been well studied in African Americans. Given that clinical and subclinical levels of depressive symptoms have been linked to CVD [5], the elevated levels of depressed mood observed in African American women [6每8] might contribute to their increased risk for CVD. Depressed mood has been linked to CVD risk factors and to metabolic syndrome [7每37], with such relations often differing according to sex [15每18, 20, 25每28, 31每37]. While research on these sex differences is largely based on predominantly white samples in the USA [7, 8, 16每20] and on samples in other countries [14, 15, 21每33], several investigations in the USA have examined racially diverse samples that included substantial representation by African Americans [8, 34每38]. However, this literature is limited by its dearth of research specifically investigating sex
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/cpn/2013/979185/