%0 Journal Article
%T Multinacionales espa olas en el Per¨²: la gente que regres¨® con el viento
%A Durand
%A Francisco
%J Estudios Geogr¨¢ficos
%D 2007
%I Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient¨ªficas
%X The paper studies the origin and development of Spanish multinationals in Peru. It provides a more comprehensive view than current analyses, primarily focused on current economic issues, by looking at the history of trade and how a recent wave of Spanish private investment is shaped both by economic and political events. Beginning in 1990, these companies were the first to enter the emerging Peruvian market given their interest in gaining rapid access to it, thanks to the sudden opening of the economy and the promotional policies of an authoritarian government. Given their timing, and the amounts invested, Spanish multinationals quickly occupied a privileged position. They operated in politically sensitive sectors because of investment concentration in banking, pension funds, gas and energy, and communications. By establishing a close and positive relationship with the Fujimori administration, and the democratic governments that followed, the multinationals enjoyed low risk and high returns. This privileged and convenient position continued in the 21st century, although operating in a more unstable environment due to more active consumer and worker demands. Spanish multinationals have contained social demands thanks to close business-government relations, but paying the price of a more negative public opinion and increasing the likelihood of regulatory and political risk. El trabajo analiza el origen y desarrollo de las multinacionales espa olas en el Per¨². Intenta ir m¨¢s all¨¢ de investigaciones limitadas a aspectos contempor¨¢neos econ¨®micos. Brinda un an¨¢lisis hist¨®rico de las relaciones comerciales de los dos pa¨ªses, y de c¨®mo la reciente presencia de las multinacionales espa olas en el Per¨² est¨¢ influida tanto por factores econ¨®micos como pol¨ªticos. En 1990 las multinacionales espa olas tuvieron la oportunidad de entrar r¨¢pidamente a un nuevo mercado en el cual deseaban ¨¢vidamente invertir. Ocurri¨® cuando la econom¨ªa reci¨¦n se abr¨ªa y con el apoyo de un gobierno autoritario. Gracias al momento de su entrada y los montos invertidos se insertaron r¨¢pida y privilegiadamente en la estructura econ¨®mica. Al concentrarse en banca, comunicaciones, energ¨ªa y combustibles, y pensiones, operaron en sectores pol¨ªticamente sensibles. Establecieron una relaci¨®n cercana y positiva con el gobierno de Fujimori, y los que le siguieron, gozando inicialmente de tranquilidad y rentabilidad. Esta situaci¨®n contin¨²a en el siglo XXI, aunque el contexto es m¨¢s inestable debido a crecientes protestas de los consumidores y trabajadores. Su cercan¨ªa con el Estado permite conten
%K Spanish multinationals
%K economic reconquest
%K political risk
%K permissive pattern of state-business relations
%K trade relations
%K empresas multinacionales espa olas
%K reconquista econ¨®mica
%K relaciones comerciales
%K riesgo pol¨ªtico
%K patr¨®n permisivo de relaciones empresarios-Estado
%U http://estudiosgeograficos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeograficos/article/view/5/2