%0 Journal Article
%T Glacier annual balance measurement, forecasting and climate correlations, North Cascades, Washington 1984每2006
%A M. S. Pelto
%J The Cryosphere
%D 2008
%I Copernicus Publications
%X North Cascade glacier annual balance measured on 10 glaciers from 1984每2006 yielded mean annual balance (ba) of  0.54 m/a, and  12.38 m cumulatively. This is a significant loss for glaciers that average 30每60 m in thickness, 20每40% of their entire volume. Two observed glaciers, Lewis Glacier and Spider Glacier, no longer exist. The ba of North Cascade glaciers is reliably calculated, correlation coefficient 0.91, using 1 April snowpack water equivalent and ablation season temperature. Utilizing ba from 10 glaciers 1984每2006 and net balance (bn) from South Cascade 1960每2005, a set of forecast rules for glacier mass balance were derived utilizing October每April Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation index values. The forecast rules provide a correct assessment in 41 of the 46 years for South Cascade Glacier and 20 of 23 years for NCGCP glaciers. Glacier annual balance forecasting is an important step for summer water resource management in glacier runoff dominated stream systems. The forecast for North Cascade glaciers in 2007 is for a negative ba.
%U http://www.the-cryosphere.net/2/13/2008/tc-2-13-2008.pdf