%0 Journal Article
%T Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers and their association with environmental factors
%A Sophie St-Hilaire
%A Rakesh Mandal
%A Amy Commendador
%A Sylvio Mannel
%A DeWayne Derryberry
%J International Journal of Health Geographics
%D 2011
%I BioMed Central
%R 10.1186/1476-072x-10-32
%X Our final model explained approximately 38% of the variation in the rate of ER+ breast cancer. In contrast, we were only able to explain 14% of the variation in the rate of ER- breast cancer with the same set of environmental variables. Only ER+ breast cancers were positively associated with the EPA's estimated risk of cancer based on toxic air emissions and the proportion of agricultural land in a county. Meteorological variables, including short wave radiation, temperature, precipitation, and water vapor pressure, were also significantly associated with the rate of ER+ breast cancer, after controlling for age, race, premature mortality from heart disease, and unemployment rate.Our findings were consistent with what we expected, given the fact that many of the commonly used pesticides and air pollutants included in the EPA cancer risk score are classified as endocrine disruptors and ER+ breast cancers respond more strongly to estrogen than ER- breast cancers. The findings of this study suggest that ER+ and ER- breast cancers have different risk factors, which should be taken into consideration in future studies that seek to understand environmental risk factors for breast cancer.Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the U.S., with an average annual incidence rate of approximately 122 per 100,000 females [1]. In 2008, the Breast Cancer Fund published a comprehensive document reviewing the known risk factors associated with this cancer and stressed the evidence for the role estrogen plays in its development and progression [2]. This hormone and other similar compounds bind to intracellular estrogen receptors, which initiates a cascade of events that culminates in cell proliferation [3]. This process leads to an increase in breast size during puberty and pregnancy, however, unhindered it can also lead to cell mutations [3]. The use of exogenous estrogen, such as is found in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies (HRT), also triggers this cel
%U http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/10/1/32