%0 Journal Article
%T Glutamate reduces experimental intestinal hyperpermeability and facilitates glutamine support of gut integrity
%A Mechteld AR Vermeulen
%A Jeffrey de Jong
%A Mathijs J Vaessen
%A Paul AM van Leeuwen
%A Alexander PJ Houdijk
%J World Journal of Gastroenterology
%D 2011
%I Baishideng Publishing Group Co. Limited
%X AIM: To assess whether glutamate plays a similar role to glutamine in preserving gut wall integrity.METHODS: The effects of glutamine and glutamate on induced hyperpermeability in intestinal cell lines were studied. Paracellular hyperpermeability was induced in Caco2.BBE and HT-29CL.19A cell lines by adding phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) apically, after which the effects of glutamine and glutamate on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) diffusion were studied. An inhibitor of glutamate transport (L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: trans-PDC) and an irreversible blocker (acivicin) of the extracellular glutamine to glutamate converting enzyme, ¦Ã-glutamyltransferase, were used.RESULTS: Apical to basolateral HRP flux increased significantly compared to controls not exposed to PDB (n = 30, P < 0.001). Glutamine application reduced hyperpermeability by 19% and 39% in the respective cell lines. Glutamate application reduced hyperpermeability by 30% and 20%, respectively. Incubation of HT29CL.19A cells with acivicin and subsequent PDB and glutamine addition increased permeability levels. Incubation of Caco2.BBE cells with trans-PDC followed by PDB and glutamate addition also resulted in high permeability levels.CONCLUSION: Apical glutamate -similar to glutamine- can decrease induced paracellular hyperpermeability. Extracellular conversion of glutamine to glutamate and subsequent uptake of glutamate could be a pivotal step in the mechanism underlying the protective effect of glutamine.
%K Apical
%K Basolateral
%K Flux
%K Glutamate
%K Glutamine
%K Gut protection
%K Gut wall integrity
%K Intestine
%K Permeability
%U http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v17/i12/1569.htm