%0 Journal Article
%T The absence of MyD88 has no effect on the induction of alternatively activated macrophage during Fasciola hepatica infection
%A HongLin Luo
%A Weiyi Huang
%A Dongying Wang
%A Haoju Wang
%A Kui Nie
%J BMC Immunology
%D 2011
%I BioMed Central
%R 10.1186/1471-2172-12-63
%X The data show that the lack of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) has no effect on the AAM£¿ derived from the bone marrow (BMM£¿) in vitro and does not impair the mRNA expression of arginase-1, resistin-like molecule (RELM¦Á), and Ym1 in BMM£¿s. The Th2 cytokine production bias in splenocytes was not significantly altered in F. hepatica-infected mice in the absence of MyD88 in vitro and in the pleural cavity lavage in vivo. In addition, MyD88-deficiency has no effect on the arginase production of the F. hepatica elicited macrophages (Fe M£¿s), production of RELM¦Á and Ym1 proteins and mRNA expression of Ym1 and RELM¦Á of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity 6 weeks post F. hepatica infection.The absence of MyD88 has no effect on presence of AAM£¿ 6 weeks post F. hepatica infection.Macrophages are highly plastic cells that respond to diverse environments by altering their phenotype and physiology [1,2] and play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. Currently, macrophages are classified under two phenotypes, classically activated macrophages (CAM¦µ) and alternatively activated macrophages (AAM¦µ). CAM¦µ are induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-¦Ã) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas induction of the AAM¦µ phenotype is associated with various stimuli, such as IL-4/IL-13, IL-10, immunocomplexes, and glucocorticoids [2]. The most widely studied stimuli for generating AAM¦µ is treatment with IL-4/IL-13 [1,3]. Although IL-4/IL-13 signaling are essential to the presence of AAM¦µ and both cytokines have many overlapping activities on macrophages, they exhibit distinct functions because of their specific receptor subunits aside from their shared common alpha chain [4]. However, this does not alter the fact that a Th2-dominated environment is critical for AAM¦µ induction [5-7]. All helminths have been demonstrated to induce profound Th2 responses, which are characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 by CD4+ T cells [8], and this Th2-dominated cy
%U http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/12/63