%0 Journal Article
%T The Poltical Economy of Hmaung-kho in Socialist Myanmar
%A Kyaw Yin Hlaing
%J Kasarinlan : Philippine Journal of Third World Studies
%D 2000
%I 
%X The Burmese Way to Socialism paved the way for the massive growth of the hmaung-kho in Myanmar. Hmuang-kho, the author¡¯s term for all illegal economic activities in the country, accounts for more than half of Myanmar¡¯s economy and has altered the economic, political and social landscape. A creation of the postliberation government, the hmuang-kho survived British trade restrictions. When the Revolutionary Council that took over in 1962 exerted control over the economy, the hmaung-kho sector flourished as state-run public stores drove Myanmar¨ªs poor to the black market. Later, the hmaung-kho provided more than just unavailable basic goods. It had given Myanmar¨ªs unemployed jobs and legally employed with additional income. It also contributed to the culture of corruption within the bureaucracy and higher government. These contributed in firmly establishing the hmuang-kho as both as a way of life in Myanmar and a better alternative to the Burmese Way to Socialism.
%K Myanmar
%K Hmaung-kho
%K Poltical Economy
%K Socialism
%U http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/view/1428/pdf_69