%0 Journal Article
%T Dynamics of neuroinflammation in the macrosphere model of arterio-arterial embolic focal ischemia: an approximation to human stroke patterns
%A Maureen Walberer
%A Maria A Rueger
%A Marie-Lune Simard
%A Beata Emig
%A Sebastian Jander
%A Gereon R Fink
%A Michael Schroeter
%J Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine
%D 2010
%I BioMed Central
%R 10.1186/2040-7378-2-22
%X In a rat model of permanent focal ischemia by embolisation of TiO2-spheres we assessed key features of post-ischemic neuroinflammation by the means of histology, immunocytochemistry of glial activation and influx of hematogeneous cells, and quantitative PCR of TNF-¦Á, IL-1, IL-18, and iNOS mRNA.In the boundary zone of the infarct, a transition of ramified microglia into ameboid phagocytic microglia was accompanied by an up-regulation of MHC class II on the cells after 3 days. By day 7, a hypercellular infiltrate consisting of activated microglia and phagocytic cells formed a thick rim around the ischemic infarct core. Interestingly, in the ischemic core microglia could only be observed at day 7. TNF-¦Á was induced rapidly within hours, IL-1¦Â and iNOS peaked within days, and IL-18 later at around 1 week after ischemia.The macrosphere model closely resembles the characteristical dynamics of postischemic inflammation previously observed in human stroke. We therefore suggest that the macrosphere model is highly appropriate for studying the pathophysiology of stroke in a translational approach from rodent to human.Inflammation plays an important role in the cascade of events following cerebral ischemia that may impact on the extent of tissue damage, infarct demarcation, tissue repair und functional recovery, and may hence act as a key target for therapeutic intervention [1,2].Animal research has characterized postischemic inflammation as a multi-facetted response involving activation of resident glia cells and recruitment of blood-derived leucocytes as well as cascades of humoral responses [2-4]. In the classical transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, hematogeneous cells including polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and macrophages rapidly infiltrate the ischemic region [5-7].Translating rodent research into the situation of human stroke, substantial progress has been made in visualizing aspects of postischemic inflammation in man. Starting with the firs
%U http://www.etsmjournal.com/content/2/1/22