%0 Journal Article
%T Effects of alpha-mangostin on the expression of anti-inflammatory genes in U937 cells
%A Szu-Hsiu Liu
%A Lain-Tze Lee
%A Nai-Yun Hu
%A Kuo-Kuei Huange
%A Ying-Chu Shih
%A Iinuma Munekazu
%A Jen-Ming Li
%A Ting-Yu Chou
%A Wei-Hsin Wang
%A Ting-Shou Chen
%J Chinese Medicine
%D 2012
%I BioMed Central
%R 10.1186/1749-8546-7-19
%X U937 and EL4 cells were treated with different concentrations of ¦Á-MG in the presence of 0.1£¿ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 4£¿h. The anti-inflammatory effects of ¦Á-MG were measured by the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-¦Á and interleukin (IL)-4 in cell culture media, which were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The gene expression profiles of all samples were analyzed with a whole human genome microarray, Illumina BeadChip WG-6 version 3, containing 48804 probes. The protein levels were determined by Western blotting analyses.¦Á-MG decreased the LPS induction of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-¦Á (P£¿=£¿0.038) and IL-4 (P£¿=£¿0.04). ¦Á-MG decreased the gene expressions in oncostatin M signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (P£¿=£¿0.016), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (P£¿=£¿0.01) , and p38 (P£¿=£¿0.008). ¦Á-MG treatment of U937 cells reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK kinase 3 / MAPK kinase 6 (P£¿=£¿0.0441), MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 (P£¿=£¿0.0453), signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 (STAT1) (P£¿=£¿0.0012), c-Fos (P£¿=£¿0.04), c-Jun (P£¿=£¿0.019) and Ets-like molecule 1 (Elk-1) (P£¿=£¿0.038).This study demonstrates that ¦Á-MG attenuates LPS-mediated activation of MAPK, STAT1, c-Fos, c-Jun and EIK-1, inhibiting TNF-¦Á and IL-4 production in U937 cells.The mangosteen fruit has been used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine [1]. Extracts of mangosteen have antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral effects [1-3]. ¦Á-Mangostin (¦Á-MG), which was first isolated from the mangosteen in 1855, is a competitive antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor and possesses many biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative damage and antioxidant activities [4-6]. Previous studies have shown that ¦Á-MG significantly inhibits nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-¦Á and inducible NOS (iNOS) pro
%U http://www.cmjournal.org/content/7/1/19