%0 Journal Article
%T Time-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Techniques Suitable for Solid-State Imaging Sensor Arrays
%A David Day-Uei Li
%A Simon Ameer-Beg
%A Jochen Arlt
%A David Tyndall
%A Richard Walker
%A Daniel R. Matthews
%A Viput Visitkul
%A Justin Richardson
%A Robert K. Henderson
%J Sensors
%D 2012
%I MDPI AG
%R 10.3390/s120505650
%X We have successfully demonstrated video-rate CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based cameras for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) by applying innovative FLIM algorithms. We also review and compare several time-domain techniques and solid-state FLIM systems, and adapt the proposed algorithms for massive CMOS SPAD-based arrays and hardware implementations. The theoretical error equations are derived and their performances are demonstrated on the data obtained from 0.13 ¦Ìm CMOS SPAD arrays and the multiple-decay data obtained from scanning PMT systems. In vivo two photon fluorescence lifetime imaging data of FITC-albumin labeled vasculature of a P22 rat carcinosarcoma (BD9 rat window chamber) are used to test how different algorithms perform on bi-decay data. The proposed techniques are capable of producing lifetime images with enough contrast.
%K fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
%K FLIM
%K CMOS
%K single-photon avalanche diode
%K single-decay
%K multi-decay
%K time-domain FLIM
%K lifetime based sensing
%U http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/5/5650