%0 Journal Article %T Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Tumor-Promoting, and Anti-Carcinogensis Activities of Nitroastaxanthin and Nitrolutein, the Reaction Products of Astaxanthin and Lutein with Peroxynitrite %A Takashi Maoka %A Harukuni Tokuda %A Nobutaka Suzuki %A Hideaki Kato %A Hideo Etoh %J Marine Drugs %D 2012 %I MDPI AG %R 10.3390/md10061391 %X Astaxanthin captured peroxynitrite to form nitroastaxanthins. 15-Nitroastaxanthin was a major reaction product of astaxanthin with peroxynitrite. Here, the anti-oxidative, anti-tumor-promoting, and anti-carcinogensis activities of 15-nitroastaxanthin were investigated. In addition to astaxanthin, 15-nitroastaxanthin showed excellent singlet oxygen quenching activity. Furthermore, 15-nitroastaxanthin showed inhibitory effects of in vitro Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation and two-stage carcinogensis on mouse skin papillomas. These activities were slightly higher than those of astaxanthin. Similar results were obtained for the 15-nitrolutein, a major reaction product of lutein with peroxynitrite. %K carotenoid %K 15-nitroastaxanthin %K 15-nitrolutein %K anti-carcinogensis activity %K anti-oxidative activity %U http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/10/6/1391