%0 Journal Article
%T Universality, Certainty and Predictability in Academic Research<br>学术研究中的普遍性、确定性与预测性问题
%A XIE Zhao-qun
%A HE Zi-ran
%A <br>谢朝群
%A 何自然
%J 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)
%D 2006
%I 
%X The issue of politeness is much more complicated than it appears simply because it touches upon social reality,social life structures,the life philosophy of social members and,human nature.In an attempt to bring politeness studies into the framework of epistemology,methodology and philosophy of science,this article challenges the necessity and adequacy of the distinction between politeness and politeness as proposed by some politeness scientists,elaborating upon the intricate issues of universality,certainty and predictability in academic research.More specifically,this article begins with Richard Watts'(2003) distinction between politeness_1 and politeness_2.For Watts,politeness_1 refers to the ways in which polite behaviour is evaluated and commented on by lay members of a language community,while politeness_2 is a theoretical term in a universal theory of politeness that refers to forms of social behaviour preserving mutually shared consideration for others.Politeness_1 belongs to ordinary social members,whereas politeness_2 belongs to researchers,scholars or even experts doing politeness.In fact,when Watts is distinguishing politeness_1 from politeness_2,he is making another distinction: he is,perhaps unconsciously or subconsciously,drawing a dividing line between the layperson and the so-called expert.It is pointed out in this article that the layperson may turn out to be an expert or insider whereas the expert may turn out to be a layperson or outsider,that the expert does not necessarily understand and adequately interpret what the lay member thinks,says or does,that politeness or language research is not exclusive to some experts for the reason that everyone is researching into politeness or language, and that knowledge may be manipulated to produce rather than eliminate inequality.In the next section,this article goes beyond the politeness-politeness distinction and into some of the issue of universality,certainty and prediction in academic research.It is argued,with specific reference to politeness and cultural studies,that universality is principle of our own imagination which does not and can not exist in nature,and which is more a mode of thinking than a mode of social reality.Besides,given that the social world is highly complicated with all kinds of uncertainty,prediction should not be a primary goal of scientific research.
%K politeness
%K social reality
%K academic research
%K philosophizing<br>礼貌
%K 社会现实
%K 学术研究
%K 哲学思考
%U http://www.alljournals.cn/get_abstract_url.aspx?pcid=01BA20E8BA813E1924CB483152CA50D4FC5BD3CBB47B847F&cid=585D04A2453D8AD5DDFFE8BE5B16E24C&jid=D60DCFE5A8F7BD187924CADC70161E70&aid=F0EF8D1882D4E56E&yid=37904DC365DD7266&vid=933658645952ED9F&iid=0B39A22176CE99FB&sid=F1177A9DF1349B63&eid=954CE65414DD94CA&journal_id=1008-942X&journal_name=浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)&referenced_num=3&reference_num=28