%0 Journal Article
%T Scale issues in ecology: concepts of scale and scale analysis<br>生态学中的尺度问题：内涵与分析方法
%A ZHANG Na
%A <br>张娜
%J 生态学报
%D 2006
%I 
%X Scale issues are fundamental to all ecological investigations,and have become a central topic in ecology in recent decades with the increasing recognition of broad-scale environmental issues(such as global warming) and land-management problems,rapid development of digital technologies(remote sensing,GIS, desktop computers,etc.),and emergence of landscape ecology.However,there are still many ecological studies in which scale is treated simplistically or superficially.Scale issues remain a key challenge for ecologists in the 21~(st) century.Scale issues include conceptualization of scale,scale analysis and scaling.This paper focuses on the former two issues.A three-tiered conceptualization of scale is introduced: dimensions,kinds,and components.Dimensions of scale are most general,including space,time,and organizational levels.Kings of scales can be distinguished among phenomenon scale(including structure and process scale,also referred to as characteristic or intrinsic scale),observation scale(also referred to as sampling or measurement scale),analysis or modeling scale and policy scale.The most specific and measurable definitions are components of scale,including grain,extent,spacing(or lag),coverage,cartographic scale,and support.Scale is often expressed as grain and extent in landscape ecology.Because each type of scale concept includes multiple terms and definitions, it is necessary to carefully discriminate,classify and unify them.Scale analysis is to analyze scale effects and identify multiple-scale spatial patterns(especially characteristic scale(s)).Scale effects may occur in each of the following three situations: changing grain size only,changing extent only,and changing both grain and extent.When scale of observation,analysis,modeling,or experimentation change,statistical results(for example,mean,variance and multivariate relationships) are expected to change.Scale influences the results of examining spatial pattern,such as spatial heterogeneity,spatial distribution,spatial autocorrelation,spatial anisotropy,and patch and gap sizes. When scale changes,new ecological processes and patterns may occur,and the rate or frequency of processes,control factors,and correlations between processes may also change.Some landscape properties(for example,landscape openness, equilibrium,predictability,species richness and diversity) also exhibit scale effects.Because of scale effects,it is extremely important to conduct research at multiple scales.Identifying characteristic scale(s) means examining hierarchical structure of pattern or process,and distribution of patch sizes and spacing between patches,which are the basis for studying scale effects and scaling.Some specific methods need to be developed for scale analysis,mainly including spatial statistics methods,landscape metrics and fractal analysis.Landscape metrics are the most popular methods which are both simple and potentially misleading.Spatial statistics methods and fractal analysis have been
%K ecology
%K concepts of scale
%K scale analysis
%K scale effects
%K characteristic scale(s)
%K multiple-scale<br>生态学
%K 尺度概念
%K 尺度分析
%K 尺度效应
%K 特征尺度
%K 多尺度
%U http://www.alljournals.cn/get_abstract_url.aspx?pcid=90BA3D13E7F3BC869AC96FB3DA594E3FE34FBF7B8BC0E591&jid=FE163E5DB2274E5937319DE98913EC37&aid=2FEEEAECFBB41B42&yid=37904DC365DD7266&vid=96C778EE049EE47D&iid=DF92D298D3FF1E6E&sid=D9E727AAB71FE4BA&eid=0EA9E55E39F0369F&journal_id=1000-0933&journal_name=生态学报&referenced_num=27&reference_num=115