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Jan 06, 2026Open Access
This study utilizes an ordered probit model to analyze the determinants of sovereign credit ratings for East African countries from 2010 to 2022, based on ratings from major agencies. The findings reveal that the impact of various macroeconomic factors—such as GDP growth, GDP per capita, external debt, current account balance, inflation, and unemployment—differs according to the income level of each country. In high-income countries, GDP and the rule of law are the most significant determinants,...
Jun 13, 2025Open Access
This study examines the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors on sovereign credit ratings in Sub-Saharan African countries using LASSO and Random Forest models. Sovereign credit ratings, issued by major rating agencies, play a crucial role in determining a country’s borrowing costs and investment attractiveness. Traditionally, these ratings have been influenced by macroeconomic factors; however, recent trends suggest that ESG considerations are becoming increasingly relev...
Feb 27, 2025Open Access
The paper investigated the problem of restoring missing values in time series data analysis. The aim of this study was to advance the imputation of missing values for some autoregressive moving average models (ARMA) with generalized autoregressive conditioned heteroscedastic (GARCH) models. In this work, the novel imputation estimators for ARMA (1, 1) ＋ GARCH (1, 1) and ARMA (2, 2) ＋ GARCH (2, 2) were derived. The study utilized the method of optimal int...
Nov 11, 2024Open Access
This study examines the effectiveness of various strategies aimed at integrating the Roma population in Bulgaria, focusing on the efforts of the Ministry of Education and Science (MES) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The main goal is to analyze and compare the approaches of both parties, emphasizing their economic impact on the integration of Roma children and their families. The research also looks at how the interaction between the MES and NGOs can be optimized to achieve better int...
May 22, 2024Open Access
Stock Prices are dynamic and vulnerable to quick changes because of the fundamental nature of the financial field and in part because of the mix of known parameters (Previous Days Closing Price, High Price, etc.) and unknown factors (like Election Results, Rumors, etc.). Its prediction is generally regarded to be a very arduous task as the process is time-varying, thus, creating uncertainty as its characteristic nature. Uncertainty results from the limited capability to resolve details and encom...
Jul 20, 2023Open Access
In order to reflect the concept of value investing, this paper extracts the indicators that reflect the fundamental information of listed companies such as profitability, solvency, operating capacity, growth capacity, and cash flow from the annual reports of listed companies in A-share market in 2021 as factor characteristics, establishes a multi-factor stock selection strategy based on cluster analysis model and classification prediction model respectively, and conducts an empirical study. The ...
Aug 04, 2022Open Access
The formulation of each educational policy level sets the stage for its implementation, which, according to Ukeje (1986), is perhaps the most crucial aspect of planning. Unfortunately, educational policies and goal attainment in Nigeria have been irreconcilable due to implementation problems, which have caused significant constraints on the welfare of the teacher labor market. The gaps between policy formulation and implementation arouse investigations to identify factors that constrain the effe...
Jul 12, 2021Open Access
With the continuous development and progress of society, social needs and social problems are also constantly appearing, which also puts forward new requirements and challenges for urban community management. Urban communities need diversified governance entities to participate in governance. As one of the governance entities of urban communities, social organizations participate in the governance of the community is an inevitable development trend. However, social organizations still have many ...
Jun 24, 2019Open Access
With the rapid development and wide application of network information technology, the digital economy era puts forward higher requirements for the honesty behavior of college students in China and more suggestions for the teaching of Statistics. Aiming at the problems in the traditional teaching process of Statistics, such as the low awareness of integrity, the dis-connection between teaching content and digital economy, students ...
Nov 30, 2018Open Access
The main objective of the study is to investigate the long run performance of the All Share Price Index (ASPI) of the Colombo Stock Exchange, based on the economic activities of Sri Lanka using cointegration and auto regressive time series. The cointegration test illustrates that share price index is cointegrated with a specific set of macroeconomic variables, i.e. exchange rate (USD/LKR), money supply, wage rates, wet foreign ass ...
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