%0 Journal Article %T Population-Level Impact of Same-Day Microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF for Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Africa %A David W. Dowdy %A J. Lucian Davis %A Saskia den Boon %A Nicholas D. Walter %A Achilles Katamba %A Adithya Cattamanchi %J PLOS ONE %D 2013 %I Public Library of Science (PLoS) %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0070485 %X Objective To compare the population-level impact of two World Health Organization-endorsed strategies for improving the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB): same-day microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid, USA). Methods We created a compartmental transmission model of TB in a representative African community, fit to the regional incidence and mortality of TB and HIV. We compared the population-level reduction in TB burden over ten years achievable with implementation over two years of same-day microscopy, Xpert MTB/RIF testing, and the combination of both approaches. Findings Same-day microscopy averted an estimated 11.0% of TB incidence over ten years (95% uncertainty range, UR: 3.3%每22.5%), and prevented 11.8% of all TB deaths (95% UR: 7.7%每27.1%). Scaling up Xpert MTB/RIF to all centralized laboratories to achieve 75% population coverage had similar impact on incidence (9.3% reduction, 95% UR: 1.9%每21.5%) and greater effect on mortality (23.8% reduction, 95% UR: 8.6%每33.4%). Combining the two strategies (i.e., same-day microscopy plus Xpert MTB/RIF) generated synergistic effects: an 18.7% reduction in incidence (95% UR: 5.6%每39.2%) and 33.1% reduction in TB mortality (95% UR: 18.1%每50.2%). By the end of year ten, combining same-day microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF could reduce annual TB mortality by 44% relative to the current standard of care. Conclusion Scaling up novel diagnostic tests for TB and optimizing existing ones are complementary strategies that, when combined, may have substantial impact on TB epidemics in Africa. %U http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0070485