%0 Journal Article
%T Field investigations of apparent optical properties of ice cover in Finnish and Estonian lakes in winter 2009
%A Ruibo Lei
%A Matti Leppˋranta
%A Ants Erm
%A Elina Jaatinen
%J Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences
%D 2011
%I Estonian Academy Publishers
%R 10.3176/earth.2011.1.05
%X A field programme on light conditions in ice-covered lakes and optical properties of lake ice was performed in seven lakes of Finland and Estonia in February每April 2009. On the basis of irradiance measurements above and below ice, spectral reflectance and transmittance were determined for the ice sheet; time evolution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance was examined from irradiance recordings at several levels inside the ice sheet. Snow cover was the dominant factor for transmission of PAR into the lake water body. Reflectance was 0.74每0.92 in winter, going down to 0.18每0.22 in the melting season. The bulk attenuation coefficient of dry snow was 14每25 m每1; the level decreased as the spring was coming. The reflectance and bulk attenuation coefficient of snow-free ice were 0.1每0.4 and 1每5 m每1. Both were considerably smaller than those of snow cover. Seasonal evolution of light transmission was mainly due to snow melting. Snow and ice cover not only depress the PAR level in a lake but also influence the spectral and directional distribution of light.
%K lake ice
%K snow
%K optics
%K reflectance
%K transmittance
%K attenuation coefficient.
%U http://www.kirj.ee/public/Estonian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences/2011/issue_1/earth-2011-1-50-64.pdf