%0 Journal Article %T A case for combined environmental stressor studies %A Michael Tipton %J Extreme Physiology & Medicine %D 2012 %I BioMed Central %R 10.1186/2046-7648-1-7 %X It is a reason for celebration that in Extreme Physiology and Medicine, we have, within the pages of one journal, high quality papers focused on the full range of stressors that constitute the environment: from hot to cold, from microgravity to hyperbaric. However, it still remains something of a mystery why so little effort or funding appears to have been given to studying these stressors in combination.It seems ironic that those of us who eulogise about the importance and benefits of studying integrative whole body physiology refuse to practise what we preach when it comes to environmental stressors. So it is that people rightly emphasise the connectivity and co-dependence of the major systems of the body and then say, ¡°I work in hypoxia¡±. In part, this is driven by funding, by interest, by facility availability and by an education system that teaches us more and more about less and less, and pigeon holes our ¡°expertise¡±, thereby reinforcing the above and limiting the opportunity to diversify.The problem is that in the ¡°real world¡±, things are not like that. Cold and hypoxia usually co-exist, as do cold and hyperbaria. In deserts, heat and cold alternate. Our athletes, our military, some occupational groups and many outdoor pursuit enthusiasts seldom encounter environmental stressors in isolation. Table£¿1 shows the studies undertaken between 1948 and 2012 that can be described as examinations of combinations of environmental stressors (articles written in English and listed in PubMed and Google scholar). The limited extent of this table highlights the paucity of work in this area over the last 65 years.It can be concluded that few laboratory studies have examined, for example, the combined effects of altitude and cold or heat, e.g.[1], or microgravity and hypoxia and hypercapnia, e.g. [2], using either sequential or simultaneous exposures. The exception to this is heat and humidity which, because of their combined impact on heat loss, have always been considered i %K Environmental stress %K Cold %K Hypoxia %K Heat %K Microgravity %K Integrative physiology %U http://www.extremephysiolmed.com/content/1/1/7