%0 Journal Article %T Effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague每Dawley rats %A Veilleux-Lemieux D %A Beaudry F %A H谷lie P %A Vachon P %J Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports %D 2012 %I Dove Medical Press %R http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S35666 %X ts of endotoxemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague每Dawley rats Original Research (1015) Total Article Views Authors: Veilleux-Lemieux D, Beaudry F, H谷lie P, Vachon P Published Date October 2012 Volume 2012:3 Pages 99 - 109 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S35666 Received: 06 July 2012 Accepted: 04 September 2012 Published: 05 October 2012 Daphn谷e Veilleux-Lemieux,1,2 Francis Beaudry,1 Pierre H谷lie,3 Pascal Vachon1 1Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, 2Department of Veterinary Services, Laval University, Quebec, 3Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada Purpose: To evaluate the effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague每Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague每Dawley rats received ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) intramuscularly following the intraperitoneal administration of different lipopolysaccharide concentrations (1, 10, and 100 米g/kg) to simulate different levels of endotoxemia. Results were compared to control animals receiving saline intraperitoneally. During anesthesia, a toe pinch was performed to evaluate anesthesia duration, and selected physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rates, oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature) were taken. Blood samples were also taken during anesthesia at selected time points for the analysis of plasmatic ketamine and xylazine concentrations by liquid chromatography每mass spectrometry. Blood samples were taken 1 week prior to and 24 hours following anesthesia for blood biochemistry. Results: Anesthesia duration significantly increased for moderate (10 米g/kg) and high (100 米g/kg) lipopolysaccharide groups. Liver histopathology showed minor to moderate necrosis in all lipopolysaccharide groups in some animals. The most important physiological change that occurred was a decrease in oxygen saturation, and for blood biochemistry a decrease in serum albumin. Ketamine pharmacokinetics were not affected except for the moderate (10 米g/kg) lipopolysaccharide group where a decrease in the area under the plasma concentration每time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration, a decrease in half-life, and an increase in the clearance were observed. For xylazine, the area under the plasma concentration每time curve increased and the clearance decreased in the moderate (10 米g/kg) and high (100 米g/kg) lipopolysaccharide groups. Conclusion: During ketamine每xylazine anesthesia, endotoxemia may alter xylazine pharmacokinetics and selected biochemical and physiological parameters, suggesting that anesthetic drug dosages could be modified for a more rapid recovery. %K lipopolysaccharide %K ketamine %K xylazine %K pharmacokinetics %K rats %U https://www.dovepress.com/effects-of-endotoxemia-on-the-pharmacodynamics-and-pharmacokinetics-of-peer-reviewed-article-VMRR