全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

Statistical Variation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Shallow Wells Used for Agricultural Activities in an Agrarian Community, North Central Nigeria

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1105683, PP. 1-19

Subject Areas: Hydrology

Keywords: Chemical, Physical, Quality, Water, Well

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Water quality is gradually falling due to human activities, thus making clean water for both domestic and agricultural activities scarce. Population growth is expected to directly or indirectly move up from its current status by about 55%, thus increasing water stress or severe water scarcity over the next generation. This study is aimed at statistically ascertaining and determining the physico-chemical properties of some hand-dug wells in Niykangbe, an agrarian community in Nigeria. A total of twenty five samples were collected for each year during the dry season for a period of three years. Replicate samples were collected on monthly bases for a period of five months during the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. The results obtained indicated that aluminum, cyanide and manganese were not present in the water samples. The pH ranged between 7.10 and 7.70, electric conductivity ranged between 157 and 467 μs/cm and the temperature ranged between 30℃ and 33℃. The nitrate content ranged between 5.00 and 67.30 mg/l while nitrite ranged between 0.02 and 0.09 mg/l. The analysis should be that most of the parameters were still within the recommended standards of NSDWQ and WHO. It was concluded that intermittent test is carried out to ascertain the level of fitness of the various water samples for both domestic and agricultural use.

Cite this paper

Musa, J. J. , Otache, M. Y. , TsadoMusa, E. , Omale, M. E. and Yerima, I. I. Y. (2019). Statistical Variation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Shallow Wells Used for Agricultural Activities in an Agrarian Community, North Central Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5683. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105683.

References

[1]  Musa, J.J., Nwabonyi, K.C., Aileku, P.Y., Popoola, P., Olatunde, O.J. and Olanipekun, O.B (2013) Comparative Analysis of Some Selected Deep and Shallow Wells in Niykangbe Community, Niger State. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 626-632.
[2]  Shen, L., Cheng, S., Gunson, A.J. and Wan, H. (2005) Urbanization, Sustainability and the Utilization of Energy and Mineral Resources in China. Cities, 22, 287-302.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2005.05.007
[3]  Crouch, G.I. and Ritchie, J.R.B. (1999) Tourism, Competitiveness, and Societal Prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44, 137-152.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3
[4]  Agrawal, A., Pandey, R.S. and Sharma, B. (2010) Water Pollution with Special Reference to Pesticide Contamination in India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2, 432-448. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.25050
[5]  Lee, D.R. (2005) Agricultural Sustainability and Technology Adoption: Issues and Policies for Developing Countries. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 87, 1325-1334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2005.00826.x
[6]  Jiang, Y. (2009) China’s Water Scarcity: A Review. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 3185-3196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.016
[7]  Jury, W.A. and Vaux Jr., H.J. (2007) The Emerging Global Water Crisis: Managing Scarcity and Conflict between Water Users. Advances in Agronomy, 95, 1-76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(07)95001-4
[8]  Qadir, M., Boers, Th.M., Schubert, S., Ghafoor, A. and Murtaza, G. (2003) Agricultural Water Management in Water-Starved Countries: Challenges and Opportunities. Agricultural Water Management, 62, 165-185.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(03)00146-X
[9]  Niemczynowicz, J. (1999) Urban Hydrology and Water Management—Present and Future Challenges. Urban Water, 1, 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(99)00009-6
[10]  Stikker, A. (1998) Water Today and Tomorrow: Prospects for Overcoming Scarcity. Futures, 30, 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(98)00005-6
[11]  Gavrilescu, M., Demnerova, K., Aamand, J., Agathos, S. and Fava, F. (2015) Emerging Pollutants in the Environment: Present and Future Challenges in Biomonitoring, Ecological Risks and Bioremediation. New Biotechnology, 32, 147-156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.01.001
[12]  Araújo, R.S., de Gloria Alves, M., de Melo, M.T.C., Chrispim, Z.M.P., Mendes, M.P. and Silva Júnior, G.C. (2014) Water Resource Management: A Comparative Evaluation of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, the European Union, and Portugal: A Review. Science of the Total Environment, 511, 815-828.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.098
[13]  Singh, V., Khedun, C. and Mishra, A. (2014) Water, Environment, Energy, and Population Growth: Implications for Water Sustainability under Climate Change. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 19, 667-673.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000866
[14]  Carpenter, S.R., Stanley, E.H. and Vander Zanden, M.J. (2011) State of the World’s Freshwater Ecosystems: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Changes. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36, 75-99.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-021810-094524
[15]  Biswas, A.K. (2008) Integrated Water Resources Management: Is It Working? International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24, 5-22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620701871718
[16]  Berndes, G. (2002) Bioenergy and Water—The Implications of Large-Scale Bioenergy Production for Water Use and Supply. Global Environmental Change, 12, 253-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00040-7
[17]  Mahmood, A., Muqbool, W., WaseemMumtaz, M. and Ahmad, F. (2011) Application of Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Characterization of Groundwater Quality of Lahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot (Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry, 12, 102-112.
[18]  Anku, Y.S., Banoeng-Yakubo, B., Asiedu, D.K. and Yidana, S.M. (2009) Water Quality Analysis of Groundwater in Crystalline Basement Rocks, Northern Ghana. Environmental Geology, 58, 989-997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1578-4
[19]  Biswas, A.K. (2007) Water Management for Major Urban Centres. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 22, 183-197.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620600690789
[20]  Bhadja, P. and Vaghela, A. (2013) Assessment of Physi-co-Chemical Parameters and Water Quality Index of Reservoir Water. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environ-mental Sciences, 3, 89-95.
[21]  Greenlee, L.F., Lawler, D.F., Freeman, B.D., Marrot, B. and Moulin, P. (2009) Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Water Sources, Technology, and Today’s Challenges. Water Research, 43, 2317-2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010
[22]  Oyanedel-Craver, V.A. and Smith, J.A. (2008) Sustainable Colloi-dal-Silver-Impregnated Ceramic Filter for Point-of-Use Water Treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 927-933. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071268u
[23]  Nielsen, D.L., Brock, M.A., Rees, G.N. and Baldwin, D.S. (2003) Effects of Increasing Salinity on Freshwater Ecosystems in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 51, 655-665. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT02115
[24]  Herman, P.M.J. and Heip, C.H.R. (1999) Biogeochemistry of the Maximum Turbidity Zone of Estuaries (MATURE) Some Conclusions. Journal of Marine Systems, 22, 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(99)00034-2
[25]  WHO (1996) Water Quality Assessments—A Guide to Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. 2nd Edition, Chapman & Hall, London, 122.
[26]  Romero, D.M., Ríos de Molina, M.C. and Juárez, A.B. (2011) Oxidative Stress Induced by a Commercial Glyphosate Formulation in a Tolerant Strain of Chlorella kessleri. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74, 741-747.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.034
[27]  Srinivasan, R. (2011) Advances in Application of Natural Clay and Its Composites in Removal of Biological, Organic, and Inorganic Contaminants from Drinking Water: Review Article. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2011, Article ID: 872531. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/872531
[28]  Ocheri, M.I. and Ahola, O. (2015) Seasonal Variation in Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rural Groundwater of Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2, 574-586. http://aessweb.com/journal-detail.php?id=5003
[29]  Shihab, K. and Al-Chalabi, N. (2014) An Efficient Method for Assessing Water Quality Based on Bayesian Belief Networks. International Journal on Soft Computing, 5, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijsc.2014.5203
[30]  Ocheri, M.I., Odoma, L.A. and Umar, N.D. (2014) Groundwater Quality in Nigerian Urban Areas: A Review. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: Environment & Earth Science, 14, 34-45.
[31]  Prasanna, M.V., Chidambaram, S. and Srinivasamoorthy, K. (2010) Statistical Analysis of the Hydrogeochem-ical Evolution of Groundwater in Hard and Sedimentary Aquifers System of Gadilam River Basin, South India. Journal of King Saud University (Science), 22, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2010.04.001
[32]  Jokotagba, O.A., Shobo, A.O. and Onasanya, S.S. (2012) Assessment of Impact of Pit Latrine on the Physicochemical Properties of Well Water in OkeAgbo Area of Ijebu Igbo, Ogun State. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 1, 16-19.
[33]  Musa, J.J. and Ahanonu, J.J. (2013) Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in Some Selected Agrarian Communities in Patigi Local Government Area, Nigeria. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1, 548-563.
https://doi.org/10.17142/ijbas-2012.1.3.10
[34]  Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) (2007) Nigerian Industrial Standard. NIS 554: 2007 ICS 13.060.20.
[35]  APHA (2002) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition, American Public Health Association. Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
[36]  Horvat, M. (1993) Comparison of Distillation with Other Current Isolation Methods for the Determination of Methyl Mercury Compounds in Low Level Environmental Samples: Part II. Water. Analytica Chimica Acta, 282, 153-168.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(93)80364-Q
[37]  Pfarrl, M.W., Horgan, G.W. and Dempfle, L. (2002) Relative Expression Software Tool (REST) for Group-Wise Comparison and Statistical Analysis of Relative Expression Results in Real-Time PCR. Nucleic Acids Research, 30, e36.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/30.9.e36
[38]  Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Willey & Sons, Hoboken.
[39]  Azbar, N., Yonar, T. and Kestioglu, K. (2004) Comparison of Various Advanced Oxidation Processes and Chemical Treatment Methods for COD and Color Removal from a Polyester and Acetate Fiber Dyeing Effluent. Chemosphere, 55, 35-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.046
[40]  Al-ahmadi, M.E. and El-Fiky, A.A. (2009) Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Shallow Alluvial Aquifer of WadiMarwani, Western Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University (Science), 21, 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2009.10.005
[41]  Akaahan, T.J., Oluma, H.O.A. and Sha’Ato, R. (2010) Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water from Shallow Wells in Two Rural Communities in Benue State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry, 11, 73-78.
[42]  Jibrin, N.A., Mairami, F.M. and Husseini, H.U. (2015) Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Some Rural Areas of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research and Education, 3, 3363-3376.
[43]  WHO (2012) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[44]  Kannel, P.R., Lee, S., Lee, Y., Kanel, S.R. and Khan, S.P. (2007) Application of Water QualityIndices and Dissolved Oxygen as Indicators for River Water Classification and Urban Impact Assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132, 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9505-1
[45]  Jonnalagadda, S.B. and Mhere, G. (2001) Water Quality of the Odzi River in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. Water Research, 35, 2371-2376.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00533-9
[46]  Singh, S., Rani, A., Mahajan, R.K. and Walia, T.P.S. (2003) Analysis of Uranium and Its Correlation with Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Drinking Water Samples from Amritsar, Punjab. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 5, 917-921.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b309493f
[47]  Werner, J.J., Arnold, W.A. and McNeill, K. (2006) Water Hardness as a Photochemical Parameter:Tetracycline Photolysis as a Function of Calcium Concentration, Magnesium Concentration, and pH . Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 7236-7241. https://doi.org/10.1021/es060337m
[48]  Durfor, C.N. and Becker, E. (1964) Public Water Supplies of the 100 Largest Cities in the United States, 1962 U.S. Geological Survey Water—Supply Paper 1812, 364 p.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1964.tb01205.x
[49]  Akubuenyi, F.C., Uttah, E.C. and Enyi-Idoh, K.H. (2013) Microbiological and Physicochemical Assessment of Major Sources of Water for Domestic Uses in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 31-44.
[50]  World Health Organization (WHO) (2005) Monitoring Bathing Waters—A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Program. In: Bartram, J. and Rees, G., Eds., Sanitary Inspection and Microbiological Water Quality, World Health Organization, Geneva, 106-157.
[51]  Ayodele, O.S. and Ajayi, A.S. (2015) Water Quality Assessment of Otun and Ayetoro Area, Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. Advancement in Sciences and Technology Research, 2, 8-18.
[52]  Ocheri, M.I. and Oklo, A. (2010) Seasonal Variation in Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rural Groundwater of Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2, 574-586.
[53]  Onwughara, N.I., Ajiwe, V.I.E. and Nnabuenyi, H.O. (2013) Physicochemical Studies of Water from Selected Boreholes in Umuahia North Local Government Area, in Abia State, Nigeria. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 1, 34-44.
[54]  Sankar, R., Ramkumar, L., Rajkumar, M., Sun, J. and Ananthan, G. (2010) Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters and Heavy Metals in Water and Sediments of Uppanar Estuary, Nagapattinam, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31, 681-686.
[55]  WHO/UNICEF (2004) Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation: A Mid-Term Assessment of Progress. WHO/UNICEF, Geneva.
[56]  WHO (2004) Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Draft for Review and Comments. Nitrates and Nitrites in Drinking-Water, World Health Organization, WHO/SDE/WSH/04.08/56.
[57]  Ghosh, R.S., Nakles, D.V., Murarka, I.P. and Neuhauser, E.F. (2004) Cyanide Speciation in Soil and Groundwater at Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) Sites. Environmental Engineering Science, 21, 752-767.
https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2004.21.752
[58]  Ansari, M.A., Archana, D., Kumar, U.S. and Vinod, S.K. (2015) Water Quality of Few Springs in Outer Himalayas—A Study on the Groundwater-Bed Rock Interaction Sand Hydrochemical Evolution. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 1, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2016.01.002
[59]  Raju, N.J., Priyanka, P., Deepa, G., Prahlad, R., Wolfgang, G. and Peter, W. (2016) Geochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Dun Valley of Central Nepal Using Chemometric Method and Geochemical Modeling. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 5, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2016.02.002
[60]  Edwards, D.R. and Daniel, T.C. (1992) Environmental Impacts of On-Farm Poultry Waste Disposal—A Review. Bioresource Technology, 41, 9-33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(92)90094-E
[61]  Hooda, P.S., Edwards, A.C., Anderson, H.A. and Miller, A. (2000) A Review of Water Quality Concerns in Livestock Farming Areas. Science of the Total Environment, 250, 143-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00373-9
[62]  Howarth, R.W., Sharpley, A. and Walker, D. (2002) Sources of Nutrient Pollution to Coastal Waters in the United States: Implications for Achieving Coastal Water Quality Goals. Estuaries and Coasts, 25, 656-676.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804898
[63]  Oliva, P., Dupre, B., Martin, F. and Viers, J. (2004) The Role of Trace Minerals in Chemical Weathering in a High-Elevation Granitic Watershed (Estibère, France) Chemical and Mineralogical Evidence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 2223-2243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.043

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413