全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

Natural Water Conductivity Behavior within the Seismic Pacific Coast of Southern Mexico

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1102836, PP. 1-21

Subject Areas: Geochemistry

Keywords: Electromagnetic Emissions, Earthquakes, Natural Water Conductivity, Water Recharge, Previous Phenomenon of Earthquakes, Cocos Plates, Subduction Zones

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Clouse to faults or unstable areas where an earthquake could happen with capacity of affecting buildings or infrastructure, there is often a previous energy that wanders around surroundings, this energy regularly is associated to electromagnetic emissions that generate an electric potential frequently studied as very, ultra-low and extreme frequency emissions (VLF-ULFELF_ EM) by remote sensing; under the assumption that this natural potential exist, in aquatic environment within the micro-seismic active area in the coastal border of Guerrero and Oaxaca estates, Mexico, an intensive conductivity monitoring in two artesian well was carried out. The results of intensive conductivity (μS/cm) monitoring done since March to July of 2015, using a low-cost Data logger sensor are presented. The results obtained of the study of 235 seismic events show that 61.64% of them manifest prior conductivity oscillation versus 38.36% of early conductivity oscillation; a discussion of the origin of such oscillation and the possible relation with to recharge flux, ground light compression, ground tilt, local electromagnetic energy emissions, human interaction, was debated. The data analysis for long periods of conductivity monitoring and seismic events show that when the number of seismic events became intense, conductivity decreases and vice versa, resulting large fluctuations that grew over time lake waves, within the studied area appears to be there is a possible previous long term energy oscillation associated to the process of earthquakes manifestation around.

Cite this paper

Martínez-García, F. , Colín-Cruz, A. , Pereira-Corona, A. , Adame-Martínez, S. and Ramírez-García, J. J. (2016). Natural Water Conductivity Behavior within the Seismic Pacific Coast of Southern Mexico. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e2836. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102836.

References

[1]  Athanasiou, M.A., Anagnostopoulos, G.C., Iliopoulos, A.C., Pavlos, G.P. and David, C.N. (2011) Enhanced ULF Radiation Observed by DEMETER Two Months around the strong 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 1091-1098.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1091-2011
[2]  Athanasiou, M.A., Anagnostopoulos, G.C., David, C.N. and Machairides, G.G. (2015) The Ultra Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Observed in the Topside Ionosphere above Boundaries of Tectonic Plates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 4, 31-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rg.2014.5001
[3]  Koshevaya, N.M.S., Grimalsky, V., Urquiza, G., Tecpoyotl, M., Kotsarenko, A. and Yutsis, V. (2012) Explosions and Seismic Phenomena Based on Exciting of Acoustic-Electromagnetic Waves. Natural Science, 4, 652-658.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.428086
[4]  Hayakawa, M., Raulin, J.P., Kasahara, Y., Bertoni, F.C.P., Hobara, Y. and Guevara-Day, W. (2011) Ionospheric Perturbations in Possible Association with the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, as Based on Medium-Distance Subionospheric VLF Propagation Data. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 513-518.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-513-2011
[5]  Hayakawa, M., Hattori, K. and Ohta, K. (2007) Monitoring of ULF (Ultra-Low-Frequency) Geomagnetic Variations Associated with Earthquakes. Sensors, 7, 1108-1122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s7071108
[6]  Koshevaya, S.V., Pérez-Enríquez, R. and Kotsarenko, N.Y. (1997) The Detection of Electromagnetic Processes in the Ionosphere Caused by Seismic Activity. Geofisica Internacional, 36, 55-60.
[7]  Araiza-Quijano, G. and Hernandez-del-Valle, M.R. (1996) Some Observations of Atmospheric Luminosity as a Possible Earthquake Precursor. Geofisica Internacional, 35, 403-408.
[8]  Campbell, W.H. (2009) Natural Magnetic Disturbance Fields, Not Precursors, Preceding the Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 114, Article ID: A05307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013932
[9]  Cicerone, R.D., Ebel, J.E. and Britton, J. (2009) A Systematic Compilation of Earthquake Precursors. Tectonophysics, 476, 371-396.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.06.008
[10]  Freund, F.T. (2007) Pre-Earthquake Signals—Part I: Deviatoric Stresses Turn Rocks into a Source of Electric Currents. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 7, 535-541.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-535-2007
[11]  Freund, F.T., Takeuchi, A. and Lau, B.W.S. (2006) Electric Currents Streaming out of Stressed Igneous Rocks—A Step towards Understanding Pre-Earthquake Low Frequency Em Emissions. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 31, 389-396.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.027
[12]  Freund, F.T. (2003) Rocks That Crackle and Sparkle and Glow: Strange Pre-Earthquake Phenomena. Journal of Scien- tific Exploration, 17, 37-71.
[13]  Shiro, B., Freund, F., Cagle, Y., Pilorz, S. and Hollis-Watts, P. (2012) Measuring Ion Currents and Electric Fields Caused by Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Lightning in the Mesosphere. NSRC, 27-29 February 2012, Palo Alto, 1-3.
[14]  Hasbi, A.M., Ali Mohd, M.A. and Misran, N. (2011) Ionospheric Variations before Some Large Earthquakes over Sumatra. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 597-611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-597-2011
[15]  Liperovsky, V.A., Meister, C.V., Mikhailin, V.V., Bogdanov, V.V., Umarkhodgaev, P.M. and Liperovskaya, E.V. (2011) Electric Field and Infrared Radiation in the Troposphere before Earthquakes. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 3125-3133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3125-2011
[16]  Pulinets, S.A., Contreras, A.L. and Ciraolo, L. (2003) Total Electron Content Variations in the Ionosphere before the Colima, Mexico, Earthquake of 21 January 2003. Geofisica Internacional, 44, 369-377.
[17]  Dunajecka, M.A. and Pulinets, S.A. (2005) Atmospheric and Thermal Anomalies Observed around the Time of Strong Earthquakes in Mexico. Atmosfera, 18, 235-247.
[18]  Koren, I., Altaratz, O., Remer, L.A., Feingold, G., Martins, J.V. and Heiblum, R.H. (2012) Aerosol-Induced Intensification of Rain from the Tropics to the MID-LATITudes. Nature Geoscience, 5, 118-122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1364
[19]  Fidani, C. (2010) The Earthquake Lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila Earthquake, in Central Italy. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10, 967-978.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-967-2010
[20]  Heraud, J.A. and Lira, J.A. (2011) Co-seismic Luminescence in Lima, 150 km from the Epicenter of the Pisco, Peru Earthquake of 15 August 2007. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 1025-1036.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1025-2011
[21]  Kawaguchi, Y. (1998) Charged Particle Emission and Luminescence upon Bending Fracture of Granite. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1: Regular Papers Short Notes & Review Papers, 37, 3495-3499.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.37.3495
[22]  Silva, H.G., Bezzeghoud, M., Reis, A.H., Rosa, R. N., Tlemcani, M., Araújo, A.A., Serrano, C., Borges, J.F., Caldeira, B. and Biagi, P.F. (2011) Atmospheric Electrical Field Decrease during the M = 4.1 Sousel Earthquake (Portugal). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 987-991.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-987-2011
[23]  Asada, T., Baba, H., Kawazoe, M. and Sugiura, M. (2001) An Attempt to Delineate Very Low Frequency Electrom- agnetic Signals Associated with Earthquakes. Earth, Planets and Space, 53, 55-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/BF03352362
[24]  Bleier, T., Dunson, C., Alvarez, C., Freund, F. and Dahlgren, R. (2010) Correlation of Pre-Earthquake Electromagnetic Signals with Laboratory and Field Rock Experiments. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10, 1965-1975.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1965-2010
[25]  Guo, G. and Wang, B. (2008) Cloud Anomaly before Iran Earthquake. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29, 1921-1928.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160701373762
[26]  Guo, G. and Jie, Y. (2013) Three Attempts of Earthquake prediction with satellite cloud images. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13, 91-95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-91-2013
[27]  Li, L.-X., Wu. J.-P. and Liu, S.-J. (2009) Space Observed Two Abnormal Linear Clouds before Wenchuan Earthquake. 3rd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Geology and Seismology, Cambridge, 24-26 February 2009, 138-143.
[28]  Shou, Z. (2007) The Cloud of the M8.4 Indonesian Earthquake on September 12, 2007. New Concepts in Global Tectonics Newsletter, 45, 31-33.
[29]  Buskirk, R.E., Frohlich, C. and Latham, G.V. (1981) Unusual Animal Behavior before Earthquakes: A Review of Possible Sensory Mechanisms. Reviews of Geophysics, 19, 247-270.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RG019i002p00247
[30]  Frohlich, C. and Buskirk, R.E. (1980) Can Fish Detect Seismic Waves? Geophysical Research Letters, 7, 569-572.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL007i008p00569
[31]  Grant, R.A., Halliday, T., Balderer, W.P., Leuenberger, F., Newcomer, M., Cyr, G. and Freund, F.T. (2011) Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 1936-1956.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8061936
[32]  Grant, R. and Halliday, T. (2010) Predicting the Unpredictable, Evidence of Pre-Seismic Anticipatory Behaviour in the Common Toad. Journal of Zoology, 281, 263-271.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00700.x
[33]  Hallett, M. (1992) Percetion of the Pre-Seismic Signals among Reptiles. The Case of the Parma Apennines (Italy). New Concepts In Global Tectonics Newsletter, 15, 1106-1107.
[34]  Kirschvink, J.L. (2000) Earthquake Prediction by Animals: Evolution and Sensory Perception. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90, 312-323.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0119980114
[35]  Lighton, J.R.B. and Duncan, F.D. (2005) Shaken, Not Stirred: A Serendipitous Study of Ants and Earthquakes. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 3103-3107.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01735
[36]  Wang, G., Zhang, Z., Wang, M., Cravotta, C. and Liu, C. (2005) Implications of Ground Water Chemistry and Flow Patterns for Earthquake Studies. Ground Water, 43, 478-484.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0037.x
[37]  Martínez-garcía, F., Colín-cruz, A., Adame-martínez, S. and Ramírez-garcía, J.J. (2015) Atypical Variations of Water Conductivity Prior to Tectonic Earthquakes. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 1367-1385.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2015.612108
[38]  Straser, V. (2009)Luminous Phenomena in the Atmosphere: Signs of Uplift of the Earth’s Crust? The “lights” in Taro Valley (Italy) and Hessdalen (Norway). New Concepts in Global Tectonics Newsletter, 47-56.
[39]  Henshaw, D.L., Ward, J.P. and Matthews, J.C. (2008) Can disturbances in the Atmospheric Electric Field Created by Powerline Corona Ions Disrupt Melatonin Production in the Pineal Gland? Journal of Pineal Research, 45, 341-350.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00594.x
[40]  Henshaw, D.L. (2004) Childhood Leukaemia and EMFs? Mobile Phones and Brain Tumours, Risks and Causal Pathways Two Types of Fields from the Electricity Supply: Electric Fields (EFs) & Magnetic Fields (MFs) Doubling of Childhood Leukaemia Risk Increased Incidence of Chi. in The 7th Princess Chulabhorn International Science Congress, Bangkok, 3-29 December 2012, 1-17.
[41]  Yamamoto, J., González-Moran, T., Quintanar, L., Zavaleta, A.B., Zamora, A. and Espindola, V.H. (2013) Seismic Patterns of the Guerrero-Oaxaca, Mexico Region, and Its Relationship to the Continental Margin Structure. Geophysical Journal International, 192, 375-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggs025
[42]  Pérez-Campos, X., Kim, Y.H., Husker, A., Davis, P.M., Clayton, R.W., Iglesias, A., Pacheco, J.F., Singh, S.K., Manea, V.C. and Gurnis, M. (2008) Horizontal Subduction and Truncation of the Cocos Plate Beneath Central Mexico. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, 1-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035127
[43]  Foppiano, A.J., Ovalle, E.M., Bataille, K. and Stepanova, M. (2008) Ionospheric Evidence of the May 1960 Earthquake over Concepción? Geofisica Internacional, 47, 179-183.
[44]  Liperovsky, V.A. and Meister, M. (1990) Electromagnetic Disturbances Associated With Earthquakes: An Analysis of Ground-Based and Satellite Data. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 4, 203-211.
[45]  Walker, S.N., Kadirkamanathan, V. and Pokhotelov, O.A. (2013) Changes in the Ultra-Low Frequency Wave Field during the Precursor Phase to the Sichuan Earthquake: DEMETER Observations. Annals of Geophysics, 31, 1597- 1603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1597-2013
[46]  Akinaga, Y., Hayakawa, M., Liu, J.Y., Yumoto, K. and Hattori, K. (2001) A Precursory ULF Signature for the Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 1, 33-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-1-33-2001
[47]  Zhang, X., Shen, X., Parrot, M., Zeren, Z., Ouyang, X., Liu, J., Qian, J., Zhao, S. and Miao, Y. (2012) Phenomena of Electrostatic Perturbations before Strong Earthquakes (2005-2010) Observed on DEMETER. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 12, 75-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-75-2012
[48]  Saraf, A. K. and Choudhury, S. (2005) Thermal Remote Sensing Technique in the Study of Pre-Earthquake Thermal Anomalies. Journal of Indian Geophysical Union, 9, 197-207.
[49]  Saraf, A. K., Choudhury, S., Rawat, V. and Banerjee, P. (2008) Detecting Earthquake Precursor: A Thermal Remote Sensing Approach. 1-13.
[50]  Sharma, D. K., Rai, J., Chand, R. and Israil, M. (2006) Effect of Seismic Activities on Ion Temperature in the F2 Region of the Ionosphere. Atmosfera, 19, 1-7.
[51]  Bleier, T., Dunson, C., Maniscalco, M., Bryant, N., Bambery, R. and Freund, F. (2009) Investigation of ULF Magnetic Pulsations, Air Conductivity Changes, and Infra Red Signatures Associated with the 30 October Alum Rock M5.4 Earthquake. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9, 585-603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-585-2009
[52]  Saradjian, M. R. and Akhoondzadeh, M. (2011) Thermal Anomalies Detection before Strong Earthquakes (M > 6.0) Using Interquartile, Wavelet and Kalman Filter Methods. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 1099-1108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1099-2011
[53]  Chapin, T.P., Todd, A.S. and Zeigler, M.P. (2014) Robust, Low-Cost Data Loggers for Stream Temperature, Flow Intermittency, and Relative Conductivity Monitoring. Water Resources Research, 50, 5216-5234.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015158
[54]  Nimick, D.A., Gammons, C.H. and Parker, S.R. (2011) Diel Biogeochemical Processes and Their Effect on the Aqueous Chemistry of Streams: A Review. Chemical Geology, 283, 3-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.08.017
[55]  Kostoglodov, V., Singh, S.K., Santiago, J.A. and Franco, S.I. (2003) A Large Silent Earthquake in the Guerrero Seismic Gap, Mexico. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1807.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017219
[56]  Liu, Y. and Rice, J.R. (2009) Slow Slip Predictions Based on Granite and Gabbro Friction Data Compared to GPS Measurements in Northern Cascadia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, 1-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006142
[57]  Obara, K. and Sekine, S. (2009) Characteristic Activity and Migration of Episodic Tremor and Slow-Slip Events in Central Japan. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 853-862.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/BF03353196
[58]  Stanica, D. and Stanica, D.A. (2011) Anomalous Pre-Seismic Behavior of the Electromagnetic Normalized Functions Related to the Intermediate Depth Earthquakes Occurred in Vrancea Zone, Romania. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 3151-3156.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3151-2011

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413