Trace metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd) speciation of surface sediments from Makupa
creek, coastal Kenya were determined by sequential extraction procedure. The
procedure was used to extract the trace metals in sediments geochemical phases
(exchangeable, carbonates, Fe-Mn oxides, organic matter/sulphide, and residual).
Trace metals analysis was done using ICP/MS. The trace metal speciation results
indicated that Pb, Zn, and Cd were mainly associated with the exchangeable, carbonates
and Fe-Mn oxides in most of the sampling sites. The highest concentration of
the trace metals were associated with Fe-Mn oxides with Zn concentration at
362.5 μg/g, Pb, 31.5 μg/g. Copper was mostly associated with the organic matter/sulphide
and carbonate at concentration of 117.5 μg/g and 69.9 μg/g respectively.
Generally, trace metals in sediment from Makupa creek were mainly associated
with the bioavailable fractions (BAF) and their ranges were: Pb (60%-98%), Zn
(90%-99%), Cu (70%-91%). It was found therefore, that there was trace
metals enrichment in sediments from Makupa from anthropogenic sources and
bioavailable to biota.
Cite this paper
Maritim, P. K. , Gachanja, A. N. and Munyao, T. M. (2016). Speciation of Trace Metals Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in Surficial Sediment from Makupa Creek Mombasa, Coastal Kenya. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e2679. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102679.
Tessier, A. and Turner,
D.R. (1995) Metal
Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, IUPAC Series on Analytical
Chemistry of Environmental Systems. John Wilend and Sons.
Baran, S. and Polesszcuk, A.L. (2002) Trace Metal and PAhs in Surface Sediments from River
Narew Poland. Police Journal of Environmental Studies, 11,
299-305.
Pueyo, M., Rauret, G., Luck, D., Yli-Hall, M., Muntau, H., Querauller, Ph. and Lopez San Chez, J.F. (2001) Exratification of the Extract
Actable Contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Freshwater Sediments Following a Collaborative
Tested and Optimize Tree Step Sequential Procedure. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 3, 243-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b010235k
Ekpo, B.O. and Ihok, U.J. (1998) Seasonal Variation and Partition of Trace Metals
(Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Pb) in Surface Sediments’ Relationship with Physio-Chemical
Variables of Water from the Calabar River South Eastern Nigeria. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,20, 113-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006528324687
Ibhadon, A.O., Wright, P. and Daniels, R. (2004) Trace Metals Speciation and Contamination in an Intertidal Estuarine. Journal
of Environmental Monitoring, 6, 679-683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b315954j
Groot, K., Zshuppe, H. and Salomns, W. (1982) Standization of Methods of Analysis for Heavy Metal in
Sediment. Hydrobiologia, 92, 689-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940158
IUPAC (2000) Guidelines for Terms Related to Chemical
Peciation and Fractionation of Elements, Definition, Structural, Aspects and Methodoly
Approach. Pure
and Applied Chemistry, 72, 1453-1470.
Li, B., Wang, Q.Q., Huang, B.L. and Li, S.P. (2001) Evaluation of the Results from Quasi-Tessier’s Sequential
Extraction Procedure for Heavy Metals Speciation in Soils and Sediments by
ICP-MS. Analytical
Science, 17.
Zhang, S.Z., Wang, S.X. and Shan, X.Q. (2001) Effects of Sample Pretreatment upon the Metal
Speciation in Sediments by a Sequential Extraction Procedure. Chemical
Speciation and Bioavailability, 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/095422901782775435
Nusa,
P., Milacia, R. and Marjan, V. (2001) Use of the BCR Three-Step
Sequential Extraction Procedures for the Study of the Partitioning of Cd, Pb,
and Zn in Various Soil Samples. Journal of Soils and Sediments,1, 25-29.
Savvides, C., Padupoulos, A., Halambus, K.J. and Loizdous, M. (1995) Sea Sediments Contamination with Heavy Metals,
Metal Speciation and Removal. Water Science
and Technology, 32, 65-79.
Tessier, P.G., Campelll, C. and Bisson, M. (1979) Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation
of Particulate Trace Metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017
Muohi,
A.W., Onyari,
J.M., Omodi, J.G. and
Mavuti, K.M. (2003) Heavy Metals in Sediments from
Makupa and Port-Reitz Greek Systems: Kenya Coast. Environmental
Geochemistry and Health, 20, 113-121.
Abdallah, M.A.M. (2007) Speciation of Trace
Metals in Coastal Sediments of Ell-Mex Bay South Mediterenian Sea- West of
Alexandria (Egypt). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132, 111-123.
Bryn, J. and Turki, A. (1997) Distribution
and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Surficial Sediments from the Tees Estuarine,
North-East Engiland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 768-779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00047-7
Peng, S.H., Wang, W.X., Li, X.D. and Yen, Y.F. (2004)Metal Partitioning in River Sediments
Measured by Sequentaial Extraction and Biometic Approaches. Chemosphere, 57, 839-851.
Yuan, C., Shi, J., He, B., Liu, J., Liang, L. and Jiang, G. (2004) Speciation of Heavy Metals in Marine
Sediments from East China Sea by ICP-MS with Seguential Extraction. Environment
International, 30, 749-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.001
Singh, K.P., Mohan, D., Singh, V.K. and
Malik, A. (2005) Studies on Distribution and Fractionation of Heavy Metals in
Gomi River Sediments—A Tributary of Ganges. India Journal of Hydrology, 312, 14-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.01.021
Fan, W., Wang, W.X., Chen, J., Li, X.D. and Yen, Y.-F. (2003) Cu, Ni, and Pb Speciation
in Surface Sediment from a Contaminated Bay of North China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 816-832.
Ramirex, M., Serena, M., Frache, R. and Correa, J. (2005) Metal Speciation and
Environmental Impact on Sandy Beaches Due to El Salvador Copper Mine, Chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 62-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.08.010
Li, X.D., Shen, N.D., Wai, W.H.O. and Li, Y.S. (2001) Chemical Forms of Pb, Zn, and Cu in Sediments Profile of the Pearl
River Estuarine. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 215-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00145-4
Muohi, A.W., Onyari, J.M., Omodi, J.G. and Mavuti, K.M. (2003) Heavy Metals Distribution in Surface Sediments
from Mtwapa and Shirazi Creeks, Kenya Coast. Bulletin of the Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,70, 1220-1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0112-3