Deforestation and habitat fragmentation are the major environmental
concerns in southwest Ethiopia. Understanding woody species diversity and
socio-economic factors causing destruction of natural forests is crucial in the
management of the remnant forest ecosystems. However, the forest in south west
Ethiopia is poorly studied. This paper examines the diversity, regeneration
status, socio-economic importance of the forests in Kaja Araba and Tula
forests, southwestern Ethiopia. A systematic sampling strategy was used to
collect vegetation data from the natural forests, while Participatory Rural
Appraisal (PRA) method was employed to generate the socio-economic data. A total
of 60 square plots (30 for each forests measuring 10 m × 10 m) were established
along line transects laid across the forests. Primary data were collected by
field observation, semi-structured interview with key informants and discussion
with relevant stakeholders. A total 51 woody species representing 25 families
were found in the study area and of all the species 30 (59%) were trees, 18
(35%) trees/shrubs, and 3 (6%) shrubs. The most species rich families were
Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae. The Shannon diversity and
evenness of woody species in Keja Araba forest are 2.81 and 0.79, respectively
and in Tula forest they are 3.14 and 0.86, respectively. Millettia ferruginea is the most frequent and abundant species at Keja Araba natural forest,
while Vepris dainellii and Phoenix reclinata are the most frequent and
abundant woody species at Tula natural forest, respectively. The total basal
area of woody species in Keja Araba forest is 2612 m2·ha﹣1 and in Tula forest the value is 3751 m2·ha﹣1. In Keja Araba
forest, the species with the highest IVI value are Sapium ellipticum,and in
Tula forest it is Schefflera abyssinica. The results on the importance
value index (IVI) and DBH class distributions show that the species with low
IVI value and poor regeneration status need to be prioritized for conservation.
Data collected from the key informants reveal that the forest is the major
sources of fuel wood (94%), forest coffee and spices (80%), construction
material (78%), timber (60%) and farm implements (58%). The forests are also
sources of medicines, animal fodder, bee forage, handles tools and household
utensils. Anthropogenic factors such as expansion of agricultural land, fuel
wood collection, charcoal making, land use change by investors and settlements
of people are responsible for destruction of natural forest in the study area,
in descending order of severity. Thus, it is important to give conservation
priority to the last Afromontane forest remnants in southwestern Ethiopia to
achieve sustainable utilization of the forest ecosystems.
Cite this paper
Yakob, G. and Fekadu, A. (2016). Diversity and Regeneration Status of Woody Species: The Case of Keja Araba and Tula Forests, South West Ethiopia. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e2576. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102576.
Huange, W., Pohjonen, V., Johansson, S., Nashanda, M., Katigula, M.I.L. and Luukkanen, O. (2003) Species Diversity, Forest Structure and Species Composition in
Tanzanian Tropical Forests. Forest
Ecology and Management, 173, 11- 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00820-9
Terborgh, J. and van Schaik, C.P. (1997) Minimizing Species Loss: The Imperative of
Protection. In:
Kramer, R., et al., Ed., Protected
Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity, Oxford University Press, New York, 15-35.
Noss, R.F.
(1999) Assessing and Monitoring Forest Biodiversity: A Suggested Framework and Indicators. Forest Ecology and Management, 115, 135-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00394-6
Zegeye, H.,
Teketay, D. and Kelbessa, E. (2011) Diversity and Regeneration Status of Woody
Species in Tara Gedamand Abebaye Forests, Northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Forestry Research, 22,
315-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-011-0176-6
Badege, B.
(2001) Deforestation and Land Degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A
Strategy for Physical Recovery. Northeast
African Studies, 8, 7-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nas.2005.0014
Teketay, D.
(2001) Deforestation, Wood Famine, and Environmental Degradation in Ethiopia’s Highland
Ecosystems: Urgent Need for Action. Northeast
African Studies, 8, 53-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nas.2005.0020
Gobeze, T., Bekele, M., Lemenih, M. and Kassa, H. (2009) Participatory Forest Management and Its
Impacts on Livelihoods and Forest Status: The Case of Bonga Forest in Ethiopia. International Forestry Review, 11, 346-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.11.3.346
Adilo, M.
(2007) The Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products to Rural Livelihood in
Southwest Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen.
Melaku, E.,
Ewnetu, Z. and
Teketay, D.
(2014) Non-Timber Forest Products and Household Incomes in Bonga Forest Area,
Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Forestry
Research, 25, 215-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-014-0447-0
Hadera, G.
(2000) A Study on the Ecology and Management of the Dess’a Forest in the
Northeastern Escarpment of Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa.
Bekele, T. (2000) Plant Population Dynamics of Dodonaea angustifolia and Olea europaea subsp. cuspidatein Dry Afromontane Forests of Ethiopia. PhD Thesis, Uppsala University,
Uppsala.
Aleligne, A.
(2001) Diversity and Socio-Economic Importance of Woody Plants on the Peninsula
of Zegie, Northwestern Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
Umea.
Tesfaye, G.,
Teketay, D. and
Fetene, M.
(2002) Regeneration of Fourteen Tree Species in Harenna Forest, Southeastern
Ethiopia. Flora—Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 197,
461-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0367-2530-1210063
Yeshitela, K. and Bekele, T. (2003) The Woody Species Composition and Structure of
Masha-Anderacha Forest, South Western Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of
Biological Science, 2, 31-48.
Woldemariam, T. (2003) Vegetation of the Yayu Forest in SW
Ethiopia: Impacts of Human Use and Implications for in Situ Conservation of Wild Coffea arabica L. Populations. PhD Thesis, University of Bonn, Bonn.
Wassie, A.,
Teketay, D. and
Powell, N.
(2005) Church Forests in North Gonder Administrative Zone, Northern Ethiopia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods,
15, 349-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2005.9752536
Zegeye, H., Teketay, D. and Kelbessa, E. (2006) Diversity, Regeneration Status and
Socio-Economic Importance of the Vegetation in the Islands of Lake Ziway,
South-Central Ethiopia. Flora—Morphology, Distribution, Functional
Ecology of Plants, 201, 483-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.10.006
Wassie, A., Sterck, F.J., Teketay, D. and Bongers, F. (2009) Effects of Livestock Exclusion on
Tree Regeneration in Church Forests of Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 257,
765-772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.032
Tesfaye, G., Teketay, D., Fetene, M. and Beck, E. (2010) Regeneration of Seven Indigenous Tree
Species in a Dry Afromontane Forest, Southern Ethiopia. Flora—Morphology, Distribution, Functional
Ecology of Plants, 205, 135-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2008.12.006
Ersado, M. (2001) Inventory of Woody Species in Bonga Forest. Institute
of Biodiversity Conservation and Research, Technical Report No. 1, Addis Ababa.
CBFED (2004) Cordination Bureau of Finance
and Economic Development. Regional
Atlas. Southern
Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regional Sate Bureau of Statistics and
Population. E.M
Press, Awassa.
Hedberg, I. and
Edwards, S.
(Eds.)
(1989) Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea,
Vol. 3: Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae. The National Herbarium, Addis
Ababa and the
Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala.
Edwards, S., Tadesse, M., Demissew, S. and Hedberg, I. (Eds.) (2000) Flora
of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Vol. 2, Part 1: Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae.
The National Herbarium,
Addis Ababa and the Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala.
Hedberg, I.,
Edwards, S. and
Nemomissa, S.
(Eds.)
(2003) Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea,
Vol. 4, Part 1: Apiaceae to Dipsacaceae. The National Herbarium, Addis
Ababa and the Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala.
Hedberg, I., Friis, I. and Edwards, S. (Eds.) (2004) Flora
of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Vol. 4,
Part 2: Asteraceae (Compositae). The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa and the Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala.
Hedberg,
I., Kelbessa, E., Edwards, S., Demissew,
S. and Persson, E. (Eds.) (2006) Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea,
Vol. 5. Gentianaceae
to Cyclocheilaceae. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa
and Uppsala.
Lamprecht, H.
(1989) Silviculture in the Tropics: Tropical Forest Ecosystems and Their Tree
Species-Possibilities and Methods for Their Long-Term Utilization. Federal
Republic of Germany, Eschborn.
Hodel, U., Gessler, M., Cai, H.H., Thoan, V.V., Ha, N.V., Thu, N.X. and Ba, T. (1999) In
Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources in Home Gardens
of Southern Vietnam. IPGRI, Rome, 106 p.
Laurance, W.F. and
Bierregaard, R.O.
(1997) Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented
Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Whittaker, R.J., Willis, K.J. and Field, R. (2003) Climatic-Energetic Explanations of Diversity: A
Macroscopic Perspective. In: Blackburn, T.M. and Gaston, K.J.,
Eds., Macroecology: Concepts and Consequences,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 107-129.
Currie, D.J., Mittelbach, G.G. and Cornell, H.V. (2004) Predictions and Tests of Climate Based Hypotheses
of Broad-Scale Variation in Taxonomic Richness. Ecology Letters, 7, 1121-1134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00671.x
Swaine, M.D.,
Liberman, D.
and Hall,
J.B. (1990) Structure and Dynamics of a Tropical Dry Forest in Ghana. Journal of Ecology, 71,
601-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2259737
Berghofer, A., Stadler, C. and Langdale, G. (2013) Sustaining Life: The Cloud Forests of
Kafa. Marketing
Concept for the Kafa Biosphere Reserve, Ethiopia. Report to NABU—The Nature and
Biodiversity Conservation Union Germany, Berlin.
Teketay, D.
(1999) Past and Present Activities: Achievements and Constraints in Forest
Genetic Resources Conservation in Ethiopia. In: Edwards, S., Demissie, A., Bekele, T. and Haase, G., Eds., Proceedings
of the “National Workshop on Forest
Genetic Resources Conservation: Principles, Strategies and Actions”,
21-22 June
1999, IBCR
and GTZ, Addis
Ababa, 49-72.