Ethiopia has the largest livestock
population in Africa,
but the contribution for the economic aspect of the country is still lowest amount and disease can be considered
as a major constrain. Ticks are the most important ectoparasites of livestock
in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Ethiopia is not exceptional and ticks are
responsible for severe economic losses both through the direct effects of blood
sucking and indirectly as vectors of pathogens and toxins. Feeding by large
numbers of ticks causes reduction in live weight gain and anaemia among
domestic animals, while tick bites also reduce the quality of hides. However,
the major losses caused by ticks are due to the ability to transmit protozoan,
rickettsial and viral diseases of livestock, which are of great economic importance
world-wide. This review concerns with general aspects of tick biology, the
taxonomy, pathogenic effects and methods for the control of ticks. ticks belong
to the suborder Ixodida, which contains a single super family, the Ixodoidea,
which is divided into two major families, Argasidae (soft ticks) and Ixodidae
(hard ticks), and the rare family Nuttalliellidae, with a single African species.
The main tick genera found in domestic animals of Ethiopia are Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus).
Various breeds of cattle differ in their response to tick infestations. Bos
indicus pure breeds and
crossbreeds are reported to be more innately resistant than Bos taurus breeds. The conventional method of
controlling tick infestations in Ethiopia is
application of acaricide, either by hand spraying, by hand dressing. Therefore,
to minimize tick adverse effect appropriate and timely strategic control
measures are crucial.
Cite this paper
Nejash, A. (2016). Review of Important Cattle Tick and Its Control in Ethiopia. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e2456. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102456.
CSA (2013) Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical
Authority, Agricultural Sample Survey (2012/2013). Report on Livestock and Livestock
Characteristics (Privet and Peasant Holdings), Addis Ababa,
9-20.
Mesfin, T. and Lemma,
M. (2001) The Role of Traditional Veterinary Herbal Medicine and Its Constraints in the Animal Health Care System in
Ethiopia. In: Medhin, Z. and Abebe, D., Eds., Conservation
and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia, Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and
Research,
Addis Ababa, 22-28.
MoARD (2008) The Effect of Skin and Hide Quality on Domestic
and Export Market and Evaluation of the Campaign against Ectoparasites of Sheep
and Goat in Amhara, Tigray and afar Region. Official
Report to Region and Other Sectors, Addis Ababa.
Onu, S.H. and Shiferaw, T.Z. (2013) Prevalence of Ectoparasite Infestations of Cattle
in Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Veterinary World, 6, 291-294.
Regasa, T.D., Kebede Tsegay, A. and Waktole, H. (2015) Prevalence of Major Ectoparasites of Calves and Associated
Risk Factors in and around Bishoftu Town. African Journal of Agricultural
Research, 10, 1127-1135.
Lorusso, V., Picozzi,
K., de Bronsvoort, B.M., Majekodunmi, A., Dongkum, C., Balak, G. and Welburn, S.C. (2013) Ixodid Ticks of Traditionally
Managed Cattle in Central Nigeria: Where Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasit Vectors, 6, 171.
Olwoch, J.M.,
Revers, B. and Van Jaarsveld, A.S. (2009) Host Parasite Distribution Patterns under
Simulated Climate: International Journal
of Current Research, 4,073-076.
Eyo, J.E., Ekeh,
F.N., Ivoke, N., Atama, C.I., Onah, I.E., Ezenwaji, N.E. & Ikele, C.B.
(2014) Survey of Tick Infestation of Cattle at Four Selected Grazing Sites in
the Tropics. Global Veterinaria, 12, 479-486.
Huruma, G., Abdurhaman, M., Gebre, S.
and Deresa B (2015) Identification of Tick Species and
Their Prevalence in and around Sebeta Town. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology, 7, 1-8.
Marufu, M.C. (2008) Prevalence of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases
in Cattle on Communal Rangelands
in the Highland Areas of the Eastern Cape Province. MSc Thesis, University of Fort Hare, Alice.
Walker, A.R., Bouattour, A., Camicas, J.L.,
Estrada-Pena, A., Horak, I.G., Latif, A.A., Pegram, R.G. and Preston, P.M.
(2003) Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: A Guide to Identification of Species. Bioscience Report, Edinburgh, 1-221.
Gebre, S., Nigist, M. and Kassa, B. (2001) Seasonal Variation of Ticks on
Calves at Sebeta in Western Shewa Zone. Ethiopian
Veterinary Journal, 7, 17-30.
Rajput, Z.I., Hu, S.H., Chen, W.J., Arijo,
A.G. and Xiao, C.W. (2006) Importance of Ticks and Their
Chemical and Immunological Control in Livestock. Journal of Zhejiang
University Science B, 7,
912-921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.B0912
Tadesse, B. and Sultan, A. (2014) Prevalence and Distribution of Tick Infestation on
Cattle at FitcheSelale, North Shewa, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural
Development, 26.
Torr, S., Eisler, M.,
Coleman, P., Morton, J. and Machila, N. (2003) Integrated Control of Ticks and
Tsetse. A Report for the DFID Advisory and Support Service Contract, Project ZV.
NRIternational Ltd, 1-135.
Rodríguez-Vivas,
R.I., Mata, M.Y., Pérez, G.E. and Wagner, W. (2004) The Effect of Management
Factors on the Seroprevalence of Anaplasma marginale in Bos indicus Cattle
in the Mexican Tropics. Tropical Animal
Health Production, 36,
135-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:TROP.0000012105.19518.80
Lora, R.B. (2001) Veterinary Parasitology: The Practical Veterinaria, Arthropods. Butterworth-Heinemann,
a
Member of the Reed Elsevier Group. Library
of Congress Cataloging, United State of America, 16-21.
Barker, S.C. and
Murrell, A. (2004) Systematic and Evaluation of Ticks with a List of Valid
Genus and Species Names. Journal of
Parasitology,129, 15-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182004005207
Sathaporn, J.A, Weeraphol, J.A., Omar,
O., Barriga, B. and Roger, W. (2004) Reduced Incidence of Babesia bigemina Infection in Cattle
Immunized against the Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus. Departement of Parasitology. FVM, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 36-47.
Torres,
D.F. (2008) The Brown Dog Tick Rhipicephalus sanguinus (Acari:
Ixodidae): From Taxonomy to Control. Veterinary Parasitology,152, 173-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.030
Kirby, C. (2010) Tick Management Hand Book.
Biological Tick Control.
2nd Editition, The Connecticut Agricultural Experimentation Station, New Haven, 70-71.
Minjauw, B. and de
Castro, J.J. (2000) Host Resistance to Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases: Its Role
in Integrated Control. Breeding for
Diseases Resistance in Farm Animals. CAB International, 153-169.
Lodos, J., Boue, O. and Fuente, J. (2000) Model to
Simulate the Effect of Vaccination against Boophilus Ticks on Cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 87, 315-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00187-9
FAO (2004)
Acaricide Resistance: Diagnosis, Management and Prevention. Guidelines
Resistance Management and Integrated Parasite Control in Ruminants, Animal
Production and Health Division, Agriculture Department, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 25-77.
Alanr, W. (2011) Eradication and Control of
Livestock Ticks: Biological, Economic and Social Perspectives. Royal (Dick)
School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall Place,
Edinburgh, 236-253.
George, J.E., Pound, J.M. and Davey, R.B.
(2008) Acaricides for Controlling Ticks on Cattle and the Problem of Acaricide
Resistance. In: Ticks: Biology, Disease and Control,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 408-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551802.019
Castro-Janer, E., Martins, J.R., Mendes,
M.C., Namindome, A., Klafke, G.M. and Schumaker, T.T.S. (2010) Diagnoses of Fipronil Resistance in Brazilian
Cattle Ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Using in Vitro Larval Bioassays. Veterinary Parasitology, 173,
300-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.036
Ibelli, A.M.G., Ribeirob, A.R.B., Giglioti,
R., Regitanod, L.C.A., Alencard, M.M., Chagasd A.C.S., Pac, A.L., Oliveirac, H
N., Duartee J.M.S. and Oliveirad, M.C.S. (2011) Resistance of Cattle of Various
Genetic Groups to the Tick Rhi.(Boophilus)
microplus and the Relationship with Coat Traits. Veterinary Parasitology, 196, 425-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.019
Bianchin, I., Catto, J.B., Kichel, A.N.,
Torres, R.A.A. and Honer, M.R. (2007) The Effect of the Control of Endo- and Ectoparasites
on Weight Gains in Crossbred Cattle (Bos
Taurus Taurus×Bos Taurus Indicus)
in the Central Region of Brazil. Tropical
Animal Health and Production, 39, 287-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-007-9017-1
Graf, J.F., Gogolewski, R., Leach-Bing, N.,
Sabatini, G.A., Molento, M.B., Bordin, E.L. and Arantes, G.J. (2005) Tick Control: An Industry Point of View. Parasitology, 129, S427-S442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182004006079
Desalegn, T., Fikru, A. and Kasaye, S. (2015) Survey of Tick Infestation in
Domestic Ruminants of Haramaya District, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia. Journal
of Bacteriology & Parasitology, 6, 246.
Pegram, R.G.,
Hoogstraal, H. and Wassef, H.P. (1981) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Ethiopia.
Distribution, Ecology and Host Relationship of Tick Species Infecting
Livestock. Bulletin of Entomology Research, 71, 339-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300008397
Mekonnen, S., Hussein, I. and Bedane, B. (2001) The Distribution of Ixodid
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Central Ethiopia. The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 68, 243-251.
de Castro, J.J.
(1994) A Survey of the Tick Species in Western Ethiopia Including the Previous
Findings and Recommendation, for Further Tick Survey in Ethiopia. FAO, Rome, 1-83.
Seyoum,
Z. (2001) Study of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases on Cattle at Girana Valley in
the North Wollo Zone. Proceeding of the Ethiopian Veterinary Association,
15.
Gebre, S., Mekonnen,
S., Kaaya Godwin, P., Tekle, T. and Jobre, Y. (2004) Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks and Trypanosomosis in
Camels in Southern Rangelands of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 8, 23-24.
Rahmeto, A., Thedrous, F., Mesele, A. and
Jemere, B. (2010) Survey of Ticks
Infesting Cattle in Two Districts of Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. Veterinary World, 3, 539-543.
Mekonnen, S., Pegram, R.G., Gebre, S.,
Mekonnen, A., Jobre, Y. and Zewde, M. (2007) A Synthesis of Ixodid (Acari: Ixodidae) and Argasid
(Acari: Argasidae) Ticks in Ethiopian and Their Possible Roles in Disease
Transmission. Ethiopian Veterinary
Journal, 11, 1-17.
Abebaw, G. (2004) Seasonal Dynamics and Host Preference of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1944) on
Naturally Infested Cattle in Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia. Ethiopian
Veterinary Journal, 18, 19-28.
Bekele, T. (2002)
Studies on Seasonal Dynamics of Ticks of Ogaden Cattle and Individual Variation
in Resistance to Ticks in Eastern Ethiopia. Journal
of Veterinary Medicine, 49,
285-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00567.x
Bedasso, M., Abebe, B. and Degefu, H. (2014) Species Composition,
Prevalence and Seasonal Variations of Ixodidae Cattle Ticks in and around
Haramaya Town, Ethiopia. Full Length Research Paper,6, 131-137.
Assefa, B. (2004) A Survey of Ticks and
Tick-Borne Blood Protista in Cattle at Asela, Arsi Zone. DVM Thesis, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, 25-36.
Dessie, S. (2005) Cattle Tick Dynamics in
Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Wolayta, Southern Ethiopia. Master
thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis
Ababa University, Debre Zeit, 18-83.
Fantahun, B. and Mohamed, A. (2012) Survey
on the Distribution of Tick Species in and Around Assosa Town, Ethiopia. Research
Journal of Veterinary Sciences,5, 32-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjvs.2012.32.41
Eygelaar, D., Jori,
F., Mokopasetso, M., Sibeko, K.P., Collins, N.E., Vorster, I. and Oosthuizen, M.C. (2015) Tick- Borne
Haemoparasites in African Buffalo (Syncerus
caffer) from Two Wildlife Areas in Northern Botswana. Parasites &
Vectors, 8, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-014-0627-y
Mekonnen, S., de Castro, J., Gebre, S.,
Hussein, I. and Regassa, A. (1992) Ticks, tick-borne diseases and their control in
Western Ethiopia. International Journal
of Tropical Insect Science, 13, 661-664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400016271
Mekonnen, S. (1996) Epidemiology of Ticks and
Tick-Borne Diseases in Ethiopia: Future Research Needs and Priorities. In:
Irvin, A.D., McDermott, J.J. and Perry, B.D., Eds., Epidemiology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Eastern, Central and Southern
Africa. Proceedings of a Workshop, Harare, 12-13 March 1996. ILRI (International Livestock
Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya, 174.
Ghosh, S.,
Azhahianambia, P. and Yadav, M.P. (2007) Upcoming and Future Strategies of Tick Control: A Review. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 44, 79-89.
Pegram, R.G. (2001) Getting a Handle on Tick
Control: A Modern Approach May Be Needed. The Veterinary Journal, 161,
227-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2001.0577
Sileshi, M. (1994) Tick and TBDs Survey and
Control in Ethiopia. In Dolan, T. T. and Musisi F-TBD control in Eastern,
Central and Southern Africa. Proceeding
of 16th Conference of EVA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 120-151.
Jewaro,
A. (1986) A Survey of Tick and Tick Born Disease in Gamo Gofa Administrative Region. DVM Thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis
Ababa University, Debre zeit,Ethiopia.
Wollega, D. (1997)
Survey of Ticks and Tick Born Disease in Eight Domestic Animals in and round Deberzeit.
DVM Thesis, Facility of Veterinary Medicine Deberzeit, Addis Ababa University, Eastern Showa, 1-79.
