全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

A Cross-Sectional Study of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Children in Ghettoed, Diverse and Affluent Communities in Dschang, West Region, Cameroon

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1101081, PP. 1-14

Subject Areas: Epidemiology, Public Health

Keywords: Intestinal Parasites, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Mitigation, Children, Cameroon

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Background: There is a paucity of knowledge on the epidemiology of parasitic diseases which remain rampant in the Dschang municipality. Three communities around Dschang town—Ngui (slummy), Paidground (heterogeneous) and the Administrative Quarter-AQ (wealthy) were investigated to highlight the aetiology of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in children in order to enhance health policy intervention priorities. Methods: Between July and November 2009, 31 stools amples were collected from children aged six months to 18 years (mean 9 years) in 295 households across the three communities. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics, source of water supply, deworming practice and treatment history. Stool samples were screened for ova/larvae of intestinal parasites using direct wet mount, brine floatation and formol-ether sedimentation methods. Results from stool tests and information obtained from questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS. Results: In total, 223 (26.8%) children had single (19.9%) and multiple (7%) infections from seven parasites: the overall pre- valence was 34.7%; helminthes 19.3% and protozoa 15.4% (χ2 = 4.3, P < 0.0380); corresponding to Entamoeba histolytica 8.8%, Ascaris lumbricoides 7.5%, Trichuris trichiura 6.8%, Entamoeba coli (5.8%), hookworm 4.6%, Giardia lamblia 0.8% and Vampirolepis (Syn: Hymenolepis) nana 0.4%. Infections were more severe and rates significantly higher in Ngui (45.9%, χ2 = 86.83, P < 0.0001) than in the AQ (17.7%) and Paidground (16.7%), and in the oldest children above 15 years (55.3%, χ2 = 111.97, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Regular sustained synchronized deworming alongside antiprotozoaics, periodic diSagnostics for all children and slummed residents which lend to intestinal protozoa; sanitary inspection of homes and water supplies; adequate drainage and community wastes disposal; and prevention education on hygiene, sanitation, safe water and health were desirable.

Cite this paper

Fusi-Ngwa, C. , Besong, E. , Pone, J. W. and Mbida, M. (2014). A Cross-Sectional Study of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Children in Ghettoed, Diverse and Affluent Communities in Dschang, West Region, Cameroon. Open Access Library Journal, 1, e1081. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101081.

References

[1]  Aucott, J.N. and Ravdin, J.I. (1993) Amebiasis and “Nonpathogenic” Intestinal Protozoa. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 7, 467-485.
[2]  Bundy, D.A., Hall, A., Medley, G.F. and Savioli, L. (1993) Evaluating Measures to Control Intestinal Parasitic Infections. WHO Collaborating Centre for Epidemiology of Intestinal Parasitic Infections, 45, 168-179.
[3]  Termmathurapoj, S., Engkanum, K., Naaglor, T., Taamsri, P., Areekul, W., Leelayoova, S. and Mungthin, M. (2000) Cross-Sectional Study of Intestinal Protozoan Infections in Orphans and Childcare Workers at the Phayathai Babies’ Home, Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 23, 21-27.
[4]  Adams, V.J., Markus, M.B., Adams, J.F.A., Jordan, E., Curtis, B., Dhansay, A.M.A., Obihara, C.C. and Fecham, J.E. (2005) Paradoxical Helminthiasis and Giardiasis in Cape Town, South Africa: Epidemiology and Control. African Health Sciences, 5, 276-278.
[5]  Garg, P.K., Perry, S., Dorn, M., Hardeastle, L. and Parsonnet, J. (2005) Risk of Intestinal Helminth and Protozoan Infection in a Refugee Population. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73, 386-391.
[6]  MacLean, D.J. (2005) Clinical Parasitology. Mac Gill Center for Tropical Disease, 1-14.
[7]  Chang, A.H., Perry, S., Du, J.N.T., Agunbiade, A., Polesky, A. and Parsonnet, J. (2013) Decreasing Intestinal Parasites in Recent Northern California Refugees. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 191-197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0349
[8]  Abu-Madi, M.A., Behhnke, J.M. and Doiphode, S.H. (2013) Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Long Term Residents and Settled Immigrants in Qatar in the Period 2005 to 2011. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 1185-1195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0006
[9]  Holland, C.V., Asaolu, S.O., Crompton, D.W.T., Stoddart, R.C., MacDonald, R. and Torimiro, S.E.A. (1989) The Epidemiology of Ascari slumbricoides and Other Soil Transmitted Helminths in Primary School Children from Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Parasitology, 99, 275-285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003118200005873X
[10]  Halloran, M.E., Bundy, D.A.P. and Pollit, E. (1989) Infectious Diseases and the UNESCO Basic Education Initiative. Parasitology Today, 5, 359-361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(89)90112-9
[11]  Omar, M.S., Abu-Zeid, H.A. and Mahfouz, A.A. (1991) Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Schoolchildren of Abha (Asir), Saudi Arabia. Acta Tropica, 48, 195-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706X(91)90047-N
[12]  Chunge, R.N., Karumba, P.N., Kaleli, N., Wamwea, M., Mutiso, N., Andala, E.O. and Kinoti, S.N. (1992) Prevalence and Frequency of Giardia lamblia in Children Aged 0 to 60 Months with and without Diarrhoea. East African Medical Journal, 69, 311-313.
[13]  Chunge, R.N., Nagelkerke, N., Karumba, P.N., Kaleli, N., Wamwea, M., Mutiso, N., Andala, E.O., Gachoya, J., Kiarrie, R. and Kinoti, S.N. (1991) Longitudinal Study of Young Children in Kenya: Intestinal Parasitic Infection with Special Reference to Giardia lamblia, Its Prevalence, Incidence and Duration, and Its Association with Diarrhoea and with Other Parasites. Acta Tropica, 50, 39-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706X(91)90071-Q
[14]  Kaur, R., Rawat, D., Kakkar, M., Uppal, B. and Sharma, V.K. (2002) Intestinal Parasites in Children with Diarrhea in Delhi, India. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine Public Health, 33, 725-729.
[15]  Sun, H., Joae-Rin, Y., Jong-ii, K., Choijamts, G., Radn, A. and Jeong-Sun, S. (2006) Intestinal Protozoan Infections and Echinococcosis Inhabitants of Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 44, 171-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.171
[16]  Escobedo, A.A., Canete, R. and Nunez, F.A. (2008) Prevalence, Risk Factors and Clinical Features Associated with Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Children from San Juan Y Martinez, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. West Indian Medical Journal, 57, 4-7.
[17]  Korkes, F., Kumagai, F.U., Belfort, R.N., Szejnfeld, D., Abud, T.G., Kleinnman, A., Florez, G.M., Szejnfeld, T. and Chieffi, P.P. (2008) Relationship between Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Children and Soil Contamination in an Urban Slum. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 55, 42-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmn038
[18]  Mieke, W., Katja, P., Menocal, H.L.T., Raquel, J.D., Madurga, A.M.C., Nunez, F.F.A., Cordovi, P.R.A., Epinosa, A.R., Duran, L.P., Gorbea, M.B., Rivero, L.R. and Gryseels, B. (2009) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasites in Cuban Children. Wiley Inter-Science Journals: Tropical Medicine and International Health, 11, 1813-1820.
[19]  Siwila, J., Phin, I.G.K., Enemark, H.L., Nchito, M. and Olsen, A. (2010) Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa in Children in Pre-Schools in Kafue District, Zambia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 104, 122-128.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.07.024
[20]  Kounnavong, S., Vorglokham, M., Houamboun, K., Odermatt, P. and Boupha, B. (2011) Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Risk Factors in Preschool Children in Southern Rural Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 105, 160-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.11.011
[21]  Barry, M.A., Simon, G.G., Mistry, N. and Hotez, P.J. (2013) Global Trends in Neglected Tropical Disease Control and Elimination: Impact on Child Health. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 98, 635-664.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-302338
[22]  Brown, J., Cairncross, S. and Ensink, J.H.J. (2013) Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Enteric Infections in Children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 98, 629-634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-301528
[23]  Coulibaly, J.T., N’Gbesso, Y.K., N’Guessan, N.A., Winkler, M.S., Utzinger, J. and N’Goran, E.K. (2013) Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Two High Risk Communities of South Cote D’Ivoire with Particular Emphasis on Pre- School Age Children. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89, 32-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0346
[24]  Fentie, T., Ergou, S., Gedefaw, M. and Desta, A. (2013) Epidemiology of Human Fascioliasis and Intestinal Parasitosis among School Children in Lake Tana Basin, North West Ethiopia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 107, 480-486.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trt056
[25]  Nyarango, R.M., Aloo, P.A., Kabiru, E.W. and Nyanchongi, B.O. (2008) The Risk of Pathogenic Intestinal Parasite Infections in Kisii Municipality, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 8, 237.
[26]  Sarfarti, C., Bourgeois, A., Menotti, J., Liegeois, F., Moyou-Somo, R., Delaporte, E., Derouin, F., Ngole, E.M. and Molina, J.M. (2006) Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Including Microsporidia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults in Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 162-164.
[27]  Surang, N., Vivornpun, S., Sakchai, K. and Wilai, S. (2009) Screening for Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Myanmer Migrant Workers in Thai Food Industry: A High-Risk Transmission. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11, 115-121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-008-9169-8
[28]  Unger, A. (2013) Children Health in Slum Settings. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 98, 799-805.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-301621
[29]  Quintero, K., Duran, C., Duri, D., Medina, F., Garcia, J., Hidalgo, G., Nakal, S., Echevernia-Ortega, M., Albano, C., Incani, R.N., Cortez, J., Jimenez, S., Diaz, M., Maldonado, C., Matute, F. and Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. (2012) Household Social Determinants of Ascariasis and Trichuriasis in North Central Venezuela. International Health, 4, 103-110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inhe.2012.03.002
[30]  Retard, R.C., Kouemeni, L.E., Bassala, M.M.E., Ndamdou, C.N., Sama, M.T. and Cline, B.L. (1991) Ascariasis and Trichuriasis in Cameroon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 85, 84-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(91)90170-4
[31]  Tchuem, T.L.A., Behnke, J.M., Southgate, V.R. and Vercruysse, J. (2003) Polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections among Schoolchildren in Loum, Cameroon. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 8, 975-986.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-2276.2003.01120.x
[32]  Pion, S.D., Clement, M.C.A. and Boussinesq, M. (2004) Impact of Four Years of Large Scale Ivermectin Treatment with Low Therapeutic Coverage on the Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Mbam Valley Focus, Central Cameroon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98, 520-528.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.11.010
[33]  Faulkner, H., Turner, J., Behnke, J., Kamgno, J., Rowlinson, M., Bradley, J.E. and Boussinesq, M. (2005) Associations between Filarial and Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99, 301-312.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.05.006
[34]  Deuyo, F.F.O. (1999) Prevalence de certains nematodes gastro-intestinaux dans la population de la ville de Dschang. Memoirepresente en vue de l’obtentiondu Diplome de Maitrise, Universite de Dschang, 47 p.
[35]  Pone, J.W., Mbida, M., Alango, P.N. and Bilong, C.B. (2012) Prevalence and Intensity of Infections of Three Neglected Tropical Diseases in Patients Consulted at a Traditional Health Care Centre in Dschang West Cameroon. Tropical Parasitology, 2, 24-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5070.97235
[36]  Same, E. (1997) Santé, Climat et Environnement au Cameroon. Editions-Juley Sciences, Yaoundé, 32 p.
[37]  Cunin, P., Griffet, A., Poste, B., Djibrilla, K. and Martin, P.M.V. (2000) Epidemic Schistosoma mansoni in a Known S. haematobium Area. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94, 657-660.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90221-9
[38]  Ndiforchu, D.N. (2000) Influence of Environmental Hygiene and Sanitation in Schools on the Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Helminths in School Children in Dschang, Cameroon. Dissertation of a Maitrise, Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, 44 p.
[39]  Dzemo, W.D. (2007) Anthelminthic Drug Efficacy amongst School Children in Dschang, Cameroon. Master’s Thesis, Depatment of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, 88 p.
[40]  Anonymous (2009) National Programme for the Control of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis in Cameroon (PNLSHI). Cameroon Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, 1-6.
[41]  Champaud, J. (1973) Atlas Regional Ouest II. Commentaires de Cartes. ORSTROM, Yaounde.
[42]  Lynne, S.G. and David, A.B. (1993) Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 2nd Edition, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 764 p.
[43]  WHO (1994) Bench Aids for Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. WHO, Geneva.
[44]  Cheesbrough, M. (1987) Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Cambridge, 605 p.
[45]  Thienpont, D., Rochette, F. and Vanparijs, O. (1979) Diagnostic de Vermose par examen coprologique. Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, 187 p.
[46]  Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982) Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domisticated Animals. 7th Edition, Balliere, Tindall and Cassel, London, 809 p.
[47]  Mungthin, M. (2000) Cross-Sectional Study of Intestinal Protozoan Infections in Orphans and Childcare Workers at the Phayathai Babies’ Home, Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 23, 21-27.
[48]  CDC (2008) Parasitic Diseases. Alternative Medicine Encyclopedia, 232, 1-888-232-6348.
[49]  Katte, V.Y., Fonteh, M.F. and Guemuh, G.N. (2005) Effectiveness of Home Water Treatment Methods in Dschang, Cameroon. Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology, 1, 102-106.
[50]  Healy, G.R. and Lynne, S.G. (1995) Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa. In: Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Pfaller, M.A., Tenover, F.C. and Yolken, R.H., Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th Edition, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 1204-1228.
[51]  Gbakima, A.A., Konteh, R., Kollon, M., Mansaray, H., Sahr, F., Bah, Z.J., Spencer, A. and Luckay, A. (2007) Intestinal Protozoa and Intestinal Helminthic Infections in Displacement Camps in Sierra Leone. African Journal of Medical Science, 36, 1-9.
[52]  Celia, V.H., Asaolu, S.O., Crompton, D.W.T., Stoddart, R.C., MacDonald, R. and Torimiro, S.E.A. (1989) The Epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides and Other Soil Transmitted Helminths in Primary School Children from Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Parasitology, 99, 275-285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003118200005873X
[53]  Onwuliri, C.O., Imandeh, N.G. and Okwusa, V.N. (1992) Human Helminthosis in a Rural Community of Plateau State, Nigeria. Angew Parasitol, 33, 211-216.
[54]  Afanwi, N.V. (1986) The Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in School Children in Plateau State. A Case Study of Jos and Bukuru. Bachelor’s Dissertation, University of Jos, Jos, 52 p.
[55]  Anderson, R.M. (1986) The Population Dynamics and Epidemiology of Intestinal Nematode Infections. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80, 686-696.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90367-6
[56]  Keiser, J., Ngoran, E.K., Traore, M., Lohourignon, K.L., Singer, B.H., Lengeler, C., Tanner, M. and Utzinger, J. (2002) Polyparasitism with Schistosoma mansoni, Geo-Helminths and Intestinal Protozoa in Rural Cote d’Ivoire. Journal of Parasitology, 88, 461-466.

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413