This paper discusses the European Marshall Plan in three subsections: the impetus for its creation, its logistical implementation, and the results to both Europe as a whole and theUnited States. The consequences of the Marshall Plan are further broken down into three pieces: direct economic effects, indirect economic effects, and political effects. I argue that there is little evidence that direct economic effects account for the Marshall Plan’s success. Instead, the indirect economic effects, particularly in the implementation of liberal capitalistic policies, and the political effects, particularly the ideal of European integration and government-business partnerships, are the major reasons for Europe’s unsurpassed growth.

Carbon steel cantilever beams are widely used in many applications in aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering. Pitting corrosion is a phenomenon which places severe limitations on the design of such applications. As such, understanding this phenomenon and the methods to deal with it, are of a great importance. This paper presents numerical investigation by using F. E. (Finite Element) simulation on the load carrying capacity of corroded cantilever beams with pitting corrosion damage. The pitting corrosion hole shape has been modeled using ASTM G46 Standard Guide. Several different cases of pitting corrosion, represented by hemispherical holes, were modeled and examined by using ANSYS computer program. Clamped edge constraint was used on one end, while the other end was free. In these F. E. models, element of Solid95 was used and comparison to Bernoulli-Euler theory was made. The effect of the radius of the pitting corrosion holes on the stresses in the beam was examined in comparison to yield stress. It has been found that the M. S. (Margin of Safety) has been reduced gradually with increasing radii. Agreement with Bernoulli-Euler theory has been achieved only for small radii. Moreover, three methods of pitting corrosion repairs were examined, together with Bernoulli-Euler theory comparison: 1) Regular surface repair; 2) Extension surface repair; and 3) “Handy Removal”. It was found that extension surface repair has the highest M. S. value.

The present work breaks the endless impasse of the current theories with space and gravitation, proposing a completely new conception in which the quantum space, ruling the propagarion of light and the inertial motion of matter, moves according to a velocity field consistent with the local main astronomical motions. This solution is clearly suggested by recent clear-cut experimental observations, achieved with the help of the GPS and also is implicit in the Quantum Field Theory (QFT) underlying the Standard Elementary Particle Model (SEPM). In a first part (Section II) it is shown that these recent experimental observations demonstrate that real space, the one that rules the propagation of light and the inertial motion of matter, is moving round each gravitational source according to a Keplerian velocity field consistent with the local main astronomical motions. This is the crucial experimental fundamentation of the spacedynamics that appropriately produces the observed gravitational dynamics on earth, in the solar system and also the galactic gravitational dynamics without the need of dark matter as well as all the observed effects of the gravitational fields on the propagation of light and on the rate of clocks. In a second part (Section III) it is shown how this spacedynamics arises within the context of the QFT underlying the SEPM. The QFT entails the idea that space is filled up with a scalar quantum field, a Bose-Einstein condensate of Higgs bosons. This Higgs condensate is a quantum fluid, responsible for giving mass to the elementary particles by the Higgs mechanism providing them with mechanical properties. This lets clear that the Higgs condensate plays the role of real quantum space that rules the propagation of light and the inertial motion of matter and is the ultimate reference for rest and for motion of matter and light. Therefore, on moving according to a Keplerian velocity field, this condensate causes the observed gravitational dynamics as well as all the other observed effects caused by the gravitational fields.

The present work discusses, in a comprehensible language and simple mathematics, the origin of the gravitational physics in the light of new recent experimental observations, achieved with the help of the tightly synchronized clocks of the GPS. These observations reveal that real space, ruling the inertial motion of matter and the propagation of light, is moving round the earth and round the sun according to a Keplerian velocity field, consistent with the local main astronomical motions. This Keplerian velocity field of real space is the quintessence of the gravitational fields and appropriately induces the observed gravitational dynamics. Such real space needs not to be invented. It is well at hand in the Quantum Field Theory (QFT), underlying the Standard Elementary Particle Model (SEPM). The QFT entails the idea that space is filled up with the Higgs condensate (HC), a very powerful quantum space (QS). The HC is a Bose-Einstein (BE) condensate of the zero spin Higgs bosons. By coupling to the HC, the elementary particles get inertial mass by the Higgs mechanism, that is, get mechanical properties. This will say that the HC rules the inertial motion of matter and the propagation of light and hence is the locally ultimate reference for rest and for motion of matter and light. The present work acknowledges that, likewise the Meissner effect in superconductors develops macroscopic screening currents, forcing magnetic fields out from superconductors, the Higgs mechanism too entails a macroscopic manifestation in the form of the Keplerian velocity field of the QS round each matter body throughout the universe, consistent with the local main astronomical motions. This Keplerian velocity field screens and thrusts the matter fields out from the HC by squeezing them into a minimum of volume. It is shown that this Keplerian velocity field of the QS appropriately induces the observed gravitational dynamics on earth, in the solar system as well as the galactic gravitational dynamics without the need of dark matter. It also provides an antigravitation mechanism accelerating the expansion of the universe. It finally is shown that this spacedynamics correctly and appropriately gives origin, in terms of simple and genuine physical effects, to all the other observed effects, caused by the gravitational fields on the propagation of light and on the rate of the clocks.