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Estimations of climate sensitivity based on top-of-atmosphere radiation imbalance
B. Lin,L. Chambers,P. Stackhouse Jr.,B. Wielicki
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions , 2009,
Abstract: Large climate feedback uncertainties limit the accuracy in predicting the response of the Earth's climate to the increase of CO2 concentration within the atmosphere. This study explores a potential to reduce uncertainties in climate sensitivity estimations using energy balance analysis, especially top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation imbalance. The time-scales studied generally cover from decade to century, that is, middle-range climate sensitivity is considered, which is directly related to the climate issue caused by atmospheric CO2 change. The significant difference between current analysis and previous energy balance models is that the current study targets at the boundary condition problem instead of solving the initial condition problem. Additionally, climate system memory and deep ocean heat transport are considered. The climate feedbacks are obtained based on the constraints of the TOA radiation imbalance and surface temperature measurements of the present climate. Currently, there is a lack of high accuracy measurements of TOA radiation imbalance. Available estimations indicate that TOA net radiative heating to the climate system is about 0.85 W/m2. Based on this value, a positive climate feedback with a feedback coefficient ranging from 1.3 to 1.0 W/m2/K is found. The range of feedback coefficient is determined by climate system memory. The longer the memory, the stronger the positive feedback. The estimated time constant of the climate is large (70~120 years) mainly owing to the deep ocean heat transport, implying that the system may be not in an equilibrium state under the external forcing during the industrial era. For the doubled-CO2 climate (or 3.7 W/m2 forcing), the estimated global warming would be 3.1 K if the current estimate of 0.85 W/m2 TOA net radiative heating could be confirmed. With accurate long-term measurements of TOA radiation, the analysis method suggested by this study provides a great potential in the estimations of middle-range climate sensitivity.
An evaluation of the transformation of the perpetual usufruct right to the real estate property right Ocena op acalno ci przekszta cenia prawa u ytkowania wieczystego w prawo w asno ci nieruchomo ci
Adam Dobek,Witold Wielicki
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development , 2007,
Abstract: This article presents the analysis of profitability of the transformation of the perpetual usufruct right into the property right, at various moments of binding of this right, on the basis of the empirical formula presented in the respective act of law – the Ordinance of the Council of Ministers, concerning real estate appraisal and the estimate statement. It has been analysed how the fee for the transformation method of the perpetual usufruct right to the property is modified depending on the adopted rate of capitalization, the interest rate on the annual fee, and the number of remaining years of the unused perpetual usufruct right.
Estimations of climate sensitivity based on top-of-atmosphere radiation imbalance
B. Lin, L. Chambers, P. Stackhouse Jr., B. Wielicki, Y. Hu, P. Minnis, N. Loeb, W. Sun, G. Potter, Q. Min, G. Schuster,T.-F. Fan
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP) & Discussions (ACPD) , 2010,
Abstract: Large climate feedback uncertainties limit the accuracy in predicting the response of the Earth's climate to the increase of CO2 concentration within the atmosphere. This study explores a potential to reduce uncertainties in climate sensitivity estimations using energy balance analysis, especially top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation imbalance. The time-scales studied generally cover from decade to century, that is, middle-range climate sensitivity is considered, which is directly related to the climate issue caused by atmospheric CO2 change. The significant difference between current analysis and previous energy balance models is that the current study targets at the boundary condition problem instead of solving the initial condition problem. Additionally, climate system memory and deep ocean heat transport are considered. The climate feedbacks are obtained based on the constraints of the TOA radiation imbalance and surface temperature measurements of the present climate. In this study, the TOA imbalance value of 0.85 W/m2 is used. Note that this imbalance value has large uncertainties. Based on this value, a positive climate feedback with a feedback coefficient ranging from 1.3 to 1.0 W/m2/K is found. The range of feedback coefficient is determined by climate system memory. The longer the memory, the stronger the positive feedback. The estimated time constant of the climate is large (70~120 years) mainly owing to the deep ocean heat transport, implying that the system may be not in an equilibrium state under the external forcing during the industrial era. For the doubled-CO2 climate (or 3.7 W/m2 forcing), the estimated global warming would be 3.1 K if the current estimate of 0.85 W/m2 TOA net radiative heating could be confirmed. With accurate long-term measurements of TOA radiation, the analysis method suggested by this study provides a great potential in the estimations of middle-range climate sensitivity.
Global statistics of liquid water content and effective number concentration of water clouds over ocean derived from combined CALIPSO and MODIS measurements
Y. Hu, M. Vaughan, C. McClain, M. Behrenfeld, H. Maring, D. Anderson, S. Sun-Mack, D. Flittner, J. Huang, B. Wielicki, P. Minnis, C. Weimer, C. Trepte,R. Kuehn
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP) & Discussions (ACPD) , 2007,
Abstract: This study presents an empirical relation that links the volume extinction coefficients of water clouds, the layer integrated depolarization ratios measured by lidar, and the effective radii of water clouds derived from collocated passive sensor observations. Based on Monte Carlo simulations of CALIPSO lidar observations, this method combines the cloud effective radius reported by MODIS with the lidar depolarization ratios measured by CALIPSO to estimate both the liquid water content and the effective number concentration of water clouds. The method is applied to collocated CALIPSO and MODIS measurements obtained during July and October of 2006, and January 2007. Global statistics of the cloud liquid water content and effective number concentration are presented.
The Mélange of Innovation and Tradition in Maltese Law: The Essence of the Maltese Mix?
B Andò
Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad , 2012,
Abstract: Aim of this paper is to provide valuable insights into the Maltese legal system with a special focus on private law. The assumption is that this legal system is the byproduct of the "mixing" of innovation and tradition, resulting from the interaction of English law and continental law. A major role in the development of the system is played by courts. Some examples (moral damages and pre-contractual liability) are considered which highlight the importance of the function displayed by Maltese judges. KEYWORDS: Tradition; English law; continental law; hybridity; mixed legal systems; Maltese courts; moral damages; pre-contractual liability; lacunae
PROBLEMS OF FLIGHT PERSONNEL PREPARATION FOR MODERN AIRCRAFTS П ДГОТОВКА ЛЬОТНОГО СКЛАДУ НА СУЧАСН ПОВ ТРЯН СУДНА П ДГОТОВКА ЛЬОТНОГО СКЛАДУ НА СУЧАСН ПОВ ТРЯН СУДНА
B. Харченко,О. Ал？кс？？в,Д. Бабейчук,М. Повознюк
Proceedings of National Aviation University , 2011,
Abstract: At present, the problem who can and who should solve the question concerning the preparationand recurrent training of pilots of Ukrainian civil aviation is not solved. The necessity of updatingof aircraft’s park in aviation branch and aircraft operation, which was ripened 10 years ago,demands a corresponding infrastructure. It is necessary to understand, that the pilots ready toperform the flights on modern aircrafts, will not appear by themselves, therefore the real actions onmodernization of existing system of aircrew and the aviation personnel preparation as a whole arerequired. Main objective of this work is the determination of the basic components concerning thesolving of the problematic questions on preparation of aircrew on modern types of aircrafts. Duringthe problem analysis it was specified that the present development of system of aircrew preparationin Ukraine is not perfect, and does not correspond the ICAO and EU requirements, therefore needsan immediate intervention at the highest State level. Trainings are not complex, as do not containthe elements of selection of aircrew members cooperation. Programs of recurrent training ofaircrew, courses of pilots training flight preparation were not reconsidered for many years Розглянуто проблему п дготовки п лот в цив льно ав ац Уккра ни, яка на сьогодн нев дпов да вимогам ICAO та С. Визначено основн складов п дготовки льотного складу насучасн пов трян судна.Ключов слова: аеронав гац йне обслуговування, керована множина, керован об’ кти,рад олокац йне та рад онав гац йне забезпечення польот в, системи керування пов трянимрухом. Розглянуто проблему п дготовки п лот в цив льно ав ац Уккра ни, яка на сьогодн нев дпов да вимогам ICAO та С. Визначено основн складов п дготовки льотного складу насучасн пов трян судна.
METHOD OF SYNTHESIS OF PROBLEM QUALITY OF THE COMPLEX NONLINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM CONTROL МЕТОД ГАРАНТОВАНОГО ОЦ НЮВАННЯ ОБЛАСТ ПОВН СТЮКЕРОВАНОГО СТАНУ СКЛАДНО НЕЛ Н ЙНО ДИНАМ ЧНО СИСТЕМИ МЕТОД ГАРАНТОВАНОГО ОЦ НЮВАННЯ ОБЛАСТ ПОВН СТЮ КЕРОВАНОГО СТАНУ СКЛАДНО НЕЛ Н ЙНО ДИНАМ ЧНО СИСТЕМИ
С. Павлова,B. Павлов,В. Чеп？женко
Proceedings of National Aviation University , 2011,
Abstract: Substantially nonlinear objects function at limitations of arbitrary kind. These limitations are not necessarily convex areas. For such objects the construction of area of the fully the fully-controlled state area is a serious problem. In the article it has been suggested to replace this task the task of the fully-controlled state area estimation from within. The secure estimation method of the fully-controlled state area has been developed for this purpose. Other dynamic system has been used as a tester (measure) of the fully-controlled state area. Construction and estimation of controllability and accessibility area of this dynamic system well methodically validate and deserved researchers confession. The descriptions concordance requirements of this new object with properties of initial object must be executed and provide property of immersion of new object in an initial object. Possibility is thus opened on the the fully-controlled state area of new object to define the the fully-controlled state area of the initial system На основ процедури мерсування м рних об’ кт в у вих дний об’ кт розроблено методгарантованого оц нювання област повн стю керованого стану.On the basis of procedure of immersion of the measuring objects in an initial object the secureestimation method of the fully controlled state area has been developed.На основе процедуры иммерсирования мерных объектов в исходный объект разработанметод гарантированного оценивания области полностью управляемого состояния. Показано, що для стотно нел н йних об’ кт в, що функц онують в умовах наявност обме-жень дов льного виду, як не обов’язково опуклими областями, побудова област повн стюкерованого стану проблематична. Запропоновано зам нити це завдання оц нюванням област повн стю керованого стану зсередини. Для цього розроблено метод гарантовано оц нюванняобласт повн стю керованого стану. Як вим рника (м ра) област повн стю керованого станувикористана нша динам чна система, п
THE SYSTEM METHOD OF IMMERSION AND VIRTUALIZATION OF MEASURED SYSTEMS IN REAL PROCESS СИСТЕМНИЙ МЕТОД МЕРСУВАННЯ ТА В РТУАЛ ЗАЦ М РНИХ СИСТЕМ У РЕАЛЬНИЙ ПРОЦЕС СИСТЕМНИЙ МЕТОД МЕРСУВАННЯ ТА В РТУАЛ ЗАЦ М РНИХ СИСТЕМ У РЕАЛЬНИЙ ПРОЦЕС
С. Павлова,B. Павлов,В. Чеп？женко
Proceedings of National Aviation University , 2012,
Abstract: The system method of immersion and virtualization of measured systems in real process is offered. The method works out problem of virtual systems formation and sets conditions at which virtual object to become measuring system for of completely controlled condition field. Here the system of interactively oriented rectangular n-dimensional parallelepipeds is used as measuring system. Imbeddedness of measuring system in real process is understood as process of approximation of a real system controlled condition cone by system of rectangular n-dimensional parallelepipeds. Запропоновано системний метод мерсування та в ртуал зац м рних систем вреальний динам чний процес як процедуру утворення вкладених в ртуальних систем,визначених на погоджено-ор нтованих прямокутних п-вим рних паралелеп педах.Ключов слова: в ртуал зац я, в ртуальний м рний процес, мерс я, складна нел н йнадинам чна система. Запропоновано системний метод мерсування та в ртуал зац м рних систем в реальний динам чний процес як процедуру утворення вкладених в ртуальних систем, визначених на погоджено-ор нтованих прямокутних п-вим рних паралелеп педах.
THE MéLANGE OF INNOVATION AND TRADITION IN MALTESE LAW: THE ESSENCE OF THE MALTESE MIX?
B Andò
Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad , 2012,
Abstract: Aim of this paper is to provide valuable insights into the Maltese legal system with a special focus on private law. The assumption is that this legal system is the by-product of the "mixing" of innovation and tradition, resulting from the interaction of English law and continental law. A major role in the development of the system is played by courts. Some examples (moral damages and pre-contractual liability) are considered which highlight the importance of the function displayed by Maltese judges.
ПРИНЦИПИ СИСТЕМНОГО П ДХОДУ ДО КЕРУВАННЯ БЕЗПЕКОЮ ПОЛЬОТ В П Д ЧАС ОРГАН ЗАЦ ПОВ ТРЯНОГО РУХУ Principles of system approach in flight safety management in air traffic controller Принципы системного подхода к управлению безопасностью полетов при орган зации воздушного движения
B.П. Харченко,？.М. Буцик,О.М. Ал？кс？？в,В.П. Колотуша
Proceedings of National Aviation University , 2010,
Abstract: Розглянуто сучасну концепц ю керування безпекою польот в, яка показу , що т льки дотримання встановлених правил не достатн м. Показано необх дн сть досл дження умов ав ац йно д яльност та впровадження заход в для зниження ризик в. The modern conception of industrial flight safety management comes from the fact that only an observance of the set rules is not sufficient: it is necessary to probe the conditions of aviation activity, reveal the hazards, take necessary and sufficient measures on the declination of the risks, related to them,. till the acceptable level. Рассмотрена современная концепция управления безопасностью полетов, показывающая, что только соблюдения установленных правил недостаточно. Показана необходимость исследования условий авиационной деятельности и принятия мер по снижению рисков.
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