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 Physics , 1995, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1995.0065 Abstract: We show that in quantum computation almost every gate that operates on two or more bits is a universal gate. We discuss various physical considerations bearing on the proper definition of universality for computational components such as logic gates.
 Physics , 2007, DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/9/6/204 Abstract: We build a framework allowing for a systematic investigation of the issue: "Which quantum states are universal resources for one-way quantum computation?" We start by re-examining what is exactly meant by "universality" in quantum computation, and what the implications are for universal one-way quantum computation. Given the framework of a measurement-based quantum computer, where quantum information is processed by local operations only, the most general universal one-way quantum computer is one which is capable of accepting arbitrary classical inputs and producing arbitrary quantum outputs--we refer to this property as CQ-universality. We then show that a systematic study of CQ-universality in one-way quantum computation is possible by identifying entanglement features that must be present in every universal resource. These insights are used to identify several states as being not universal, such as 1D cluster states, W states, and ground states of non-critical 1D spin systems. Our criteria are strengthened by considering the efficiency of a quantum computation, and we find that entanglement measures must obey a certain scaling law with the system size for all efficient universal resources. This again leads to examples of non-universal resources, such as, e.g., ground states of critical 1D spin systems. We also provide several examples of efficient universal resources, namely graph states corresponding to hexagonal, triangular and Kagome lattices. Finally, we consider the more general notion of encoded CQ-universality, where quantum outputs are allowed to be produced in an encoded form. Again we provide entanglement-based criteria for encoded universality. Moreover, we present a general procedure to construct encoded universal resources.
 Physics , 2003, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.052308 Abstract: We study the universality of scaling of entanglement in Shor's factoring algorithm and in adiabatic quantum algorithms across a quantum phase transition for both the NP-complete Exact Cover problem as well as the Grover's problem. The analytic result for Shor's algorithm shows a linear scaling of the entropy in terms of the number of qubits, therefore difficulting the possibility of an efficient classical simulation protocol. A similar result is obtained numerically for the quantum adiabatic evolution Exact Cover algorithm, which also shows universality of the quantum phase transition the system evolves nearby. On the other hand, entanglement in Grover's adiabatic algorithm remains a bounded quantity even at the critical point. A classification of scaling of entanglement appears as a natural grading of the computational complexity of simulating quantum phase transitions.
 Physics , 2005, DOI: 10.1063/1.2194471 Abstract: We apply a probabilistic approach to study the computational complexity of analog computers which solve linear programming problems. We analyze numerically various ensembles of linear programming problems and obtain, for each of these ensembles, the probability distribution functions of certain quantities which measure the computational complexity, known as the convergence rate, the barrier and the computation time. We find that in the limit of very large problems these probability distributions are universal scaling functions. In other words, the probability distribution function for each of these three quantities becomes, in the limit of large problem size, a function of a single scaling variable, which is a certain composition of the quantity in question and the size of the system. Moreover, various ensembles studied seem to lead essentially to the same scaling functions, which depend only on the variance of the ensemble. These results extend analytical and numerical results obtained recently for the Gaussian ensemble, and support the conjecture that these scaling functions are universal.
 A. C. Manoharan Physics , 2001, Abstract: It is indicated that principal models of computation are indeed significantly related. The quantum field computation model contains the quantum computation model of Feynman. (The term "quantum field computer" was used by Freedman.) Quantum field computation (as enhanced by Wightman's model of quantum field theory) involves computation over the continuum which is remarkably related to the real computation model of Smale. The latter model was established as a generalization of Turing computation. All this is not surprising since it is well known that the physics of quantum field theory (which includes Einstein's special relativity) contains quantum mechanics which in turn contains classical mechanics. The unity of these computing models, which seem to have grown largely independently, could shed new light into questions of computational complexity, into the central P (Polynomial time) versus NP (Non-deterministic Polynomial time) problem of computer science, and also into the description of Nature by fundamental physics theories.
 Computer Science , 2013, Abstract: We propose a construction of anyon systems associated to quantum tori with real multiplication and the embedding of quantum tori in AF algebras. These systems generalize the Fibonacci anyons, with weaker categorical properties, and are obtained from the basic modules and the real multiplication structure.
 Physics , 2013, Abstract: This paper examines the claim that cellular automata (CA) belonging to Class III (in Wolfram's classification) are capable of (Turing universal) computation. We explore some chaotic CA (believed to belong to Class III) reported over the course of the CA history, that may be candidates for universal computation, hence spurring the discussion on Turing universality on both Wolfram's classes III and IV.
 Physics , 2000, DOI: 10.1016/S0550-3213(00)00448-X Abstract: We investigate the universality of microscopic eigenvalue correlations for Random Matrix Theories with the global symmetries of the QCD partition function. In this article we analyze the case of real valued chiral Random Matrix Theories ($\beta =1$) by relating the kernel of the correlations functions for $\beta =1$ to the kernel of chiral Random Matrix Theories with complex matrix elements ($\beta = 2$), which is already known to be universal. Our proof is based on a novel asymptotic property of the skew-orthogonal polynomials: an integral over the corresponding wavefunctions oscillates about half its asymptotic value in the region of the bulk of the zeros. This result solves the puzzle that microscopic universality persists in spite of contributions to the microscopic correlators from the region near the largest zero of the skew-orthogonal polynomials. Our analytical results are illustrated by the numerical construction of the skew-orthogonal polynomials for an $x^4$ probability potential.
 Physics , 2006, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.012337 Abstract: We investigate for which resource states an efficient classical simulation of measurement based quantum computation is possible. We show that the Schmidt--rank width, a measure recently introduced to assess universality of resource states, plays a crucial role in also this context. We relate Schmidt--rank width to the optimal description of states in terms of tree tensor networks and show that an efficient classical simulation of measurement based quantum computation is possible for all states with logarithmically bounded Schmidt--rank width (with respect to the system size). For graph states where the Schmidt--rank width scales in this way, we efficiently construct the optimal tree tensor network descriptions, and provide several examples. We highlight parallels in the efficient description of complex systems in quantum information theory and graph theory.
 Russell O'Connor Computer Science , 2008, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71067-7_21 Abstract: Reasoning about real number expressions in a proof assistant is challenging. Several problems in theorem proving can be solved by using exact real number computation. I have implemented a library for reasoning and computing with complete metric spaces in the Coq proof assistant and used this library to build a constructive real number implementation including elementary real number functions and proofs of correctness. Using this library, I have created a tactic that automatically proves strict inequalities over closed elementary real number expressions by computation.
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