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 Physics , 2008, DOI: 10.1088/1751-8113/42/1/015004 Abstract: We consider a particle diffusing along the links of a general graph possessing some absorbing vertices. The particle, with a spatially-dependent diffusion constant D(x) is subjected to a drift U(x) that is defined in every point of each link. We establish the boundary conditions to be used at the vertices and we derive general expressions for the average time spent on a part of the graph before absorption and, also, for the Laplace transform of the joint law of the occupation times. Exit times distributions and splitting probabilities are also studied and several examples are discussed.
 Mathematics , 2005, DOI: 10.1214/105051604000000530 Abstract: Physical notions of stochastic resonance for potential diffusions in periodically changing double-well potentials such as the spectral power amplification have proved to be defective. They are not robust for the passage to their effective dynamics: continuous-time finite-state Markov chains describing the rough features of transitions between different domains of attraction of metastable points. In the framework of one-dimensional diffusions moving in periodically changing double-well potentials we design a new notion of stochastic resonance which refines Freidlin's concept of quasi-periodic motion. It is based on exact exponential rates for the transition probabilities between the domains of attraction which are robust with respect to the reduced Markov chains. The quality of periodic tuning is measured by the probability for transition during fixed time windows depending on a time scale parameter. Maximizing it in this parameter produces the stochastic resonance points.
 Mathematics , 2004, DOI: 10.1214/105051606000000385 Abstract: We consider potential type dynamical systems in finite dimensions with two meta-stable states. They are subject to two sources of perturbation: a slow external periodic perturbation of period $T$ and a small Gaussian random perturbation of intensity $\epsilon$, and, therefore, are mathematically described as weakly time inhomogeneous diffusion processes. A system is in stochastic resonance, provided the small noisy perturbation is tuned in such a way that its random trajectories follow the exterior periodic motion in an optimal fashion, that is, for some optimal intensity $\epsilon (T)$. The physicists' favorite, measures of quality of periodic tuning--and thus stochastic resonance--such as spectral power amplification or signal-to-noise ratio, have proven to be defective. They are not robust w.r.t. effective model reduction, that is, for the passage to a simplified finite state Markov chain model reducing the dynamics to a pure jumping between the meta-stable states of the original system. An entirely probabilistic notion of stochastic resonance based on the transition dynamics between the domains of attraction of the meta-stable states--and thus failing to suffer from this robustness defect--was proposed before in the context of one-dimensional diffusions. It is investigated for higher-dimensional systems here, by using extensions and refinements of the Freidlin--Wentzell theory of large deviations for time homogeneous diffusions. Large deviations principles developed for weakly time inhomogeneous diffusions prove to be key tools for a treatment of the problem of diffusion exit from a domain and thus for the approach of stochastic resonance via transition probabilities between meta-stable sets.
 Mathematics , 2007, DOI: 10.1214/08-AOP412 Abstract: We consider a dynamical system described by the differential equation $\dot{Y}_t=-U'(Y_t)$ with a unique stable point at the origin. We perturb the system by the L\'evy noise of intensity $\varepsilon$ to obtain the stochastic differential equation $dX^{\varepsilon}_t=-U'(X^{\varepsilon}_{t-}) dt+\varepsilon dL_t.$ The process $L$ is a symmetric L\'evy process whose jump measure $\nu$ has exponentially light tails, $\nu([u,\infty))\sim\exp(-u^{\alpha})$, $\alpha>0$, $u\to \infty$. We study the first exit problem for the trajectories of the solutions of the stochastic differential equation from the interval $(-1,1)$. In the small noise limit $\varepsilon\to0$, the law of the first exit time $\sigma_x$, $x\in(-1,1)$, has exponential tail and the mean value exhibiting an intriguing phase transition at the critical index $\alpha=1$, namely, $\ln\mathbf{E}\sigma\sim\varepsilon^{-\alpha}$ for $0<\alpha<1$, whereas $\ln\mathbf{E}\sigma\sim\varepsilon^{- 1}|\ln\varepsilon|^{1-{1}/{\alpha}}$ for $\alpha>1$.
 Mathematics , 2012, Abstract: In this paper we study the fluctuations from the limiting behavior of small noise random perturbations of diffusions with multiple scales. The result is then applied to the exit problem for multiscale diffusions, deriving the limiting law of the joint distribution of the exit time and exit location. We apply our results to the first order Langevin equation in a rough potential, studying both fluctuations around the typical behavior and the conditional limiting exit law, conditional on the rare event of going against the underlying deterministic flow.
 Physics , 2003, DOI: 10.1088/0266-5611/20/4/004 Abstract: This paper explores the reconstruction of drift or diffusion coefficients of a scalar stochastic diffusion processes as it starts from an initial value and reaches, for the first time, a threshold value. We show that the distribution function derived from repeated measurements of the first-exit times can be used to formally partially reconstruct the dynamics of the process. Upon mapping the relevant stochastic differential equations (SDE) to the associated Sturm-Liouville problem, results from Gelfand and Levitan \cite{GelLev-51} can be used to reconstruct the potential of the Schr\"{o}dinger equation, which is related to the drift and diffusion functionals of the SDE. We show that either the drift or the diffusion term of the stochastic equation can be uniquely reconstructed, but only if both the drift and diffusion are known in at least half of the domain. No other information can be uniquely reconstructed unless additional measurements are provided. Applications and implementations of our results are discussed.
 Brita Jung Mathematics , 2012, Abstract: We study exit times from a set for a family of multivariate autoregressive processes with normally distributed noise. By using the large deviation principle, and other methods, we show that the asymptotic behavior of the exit time depends only on the set itself and on the covariance matrix of the stationary distribution of the process. The results are extended to exit times from intervals for the univariate autoregressive process of order n, where the exit time is of the same order of magnitude as the exponential of the inverse of the variance of the stationary distribution.
 Grzegorz Serafin Mathematics , 2015, Abstract: We examine the density functions of the first exit times of the Bessel process from the intervals [0,1) and (0,1). First, we express them by means of the transition density function of the killed process. Using that relationship we provide precise estimates and asymptotics of the exit time densities. In particular, the results hold for the first exit time of the n-dimensional Brownian motion from a ball.
 Statistics , 2015, Abstract: We introduce exact methods for the simulation of sample paths of one-dimensional diffusions with a discontinuity in the drift function. Our procedures require the simulation of finite-dimensional candidate draws from probability laws related to those of Brownian motion and its local time and are based on the principle of retrospective rejection sampling. A simple illustration is provided.
 Mathematics , 2008, Abstract: Consider a reflecting diffusion in a domain in $R^d$ that acquires drift in proportion to the amount of local time spent on the boundary of the domain. We show that the stationary distribution for the joint law of the position of the reflecting process and the value of the drift vector has a product form. Moreover, the first component is the symmetrizing measure on the domain for the reflecting diffusion without inert drift, and the second component has a Gaussian distribution. We also consider processes where the drift is given in terms of the gradient of a potential.
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