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 J.-F. Pommaret Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2016.77068 Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to revisit the well known potentials, also called stress functions, needed in order to study the parametrizations of the stress equations, respectively provided by G.B. Airy (1863) for 2-dimensional elasticity, then by E. Beltrami (1892), J.C. Maxwell (1870) for 3-dimensional elasticity, finally by A. Einstein (1915) for 4-dimensional elasticity, both with a variational procedure introduced by C. Lanczos (1949, 1962) in order to relate potentials to Lagrange multipliers. Using the methods of Algebraic Analysis, namely mixing differential geometry with homological algebra and combining the double duality test involved with the Spencer cohomology, we shall be able to extend these results to an arbitrary situation with an arbitrary dimension n. We shall also explain why double duality is perfectly adapted to variational calculus with differential constraints as a way to eliminate the corresponding Lagrange multipliers. For example, the canonical parametrization of the stress equations is just described by the formal adjoint of the ？components of the linearized Riemann tensor considered as a linear second order differential operator but the minimum number of potentials needed is equal to for any minimal parametrization, the Einstein parametrization being “in between” with potentials. We provide all the above results without even using indices for writing down explicit formulas in the way it is done in any textbook today, but it could be strictly impossible to obtain them without using the above methods. We also revisit the possibility (Maxwell equations of electromagnetism) or the impossibility (Einstein equations of gravitation) to obtain canonical or minimal parametrizations for various equations of physics. It is nevertheless important to notice that, when n and the algorithms presented are known, most of the calculations can be achieved by using computers for the corresponding symbolic computations. Finally, though the paper is mathematically oriented as it aims providing new insights towards the mathematical foundations of general relativity, it is written in a rather self-contained way.
 Physics , 2013, Abstract: The Debye source representation for solutions to the time harmonic Maxwell equations is extended to bounded domains with finitely many smooth boundary components. A strong uniqueness result is proved for this representation. Natural complex structures are identified on the vector spaces of time-harmonic Maxwell fields. It is shown that in terms of Debye source data, these complex structures are uniformized, that is, represented by a fixed linear map on a fixed vector space, independent of the frequency. This complex structure relates time-harmonic Maxwell fields to constant-k Beltrami fields, i.e. solutions of the equation curl(E) = kE. A family of self-adjoint boundary conditions are defined for the Beltrami operator. This leads to a proof of the existence of zero-flux, constant-k, force-free Beltrami fields for any bounded region in R^3, as well as a constructive method to find them. The family of self-adjoint boundary value problems defines a new spectral invariant for bounded domains in R^3.
 Yan-Fei Jing;Bruno Carpentieri;Ting-Zhu Huang PIER , 2009, DOI: 10.2528/PIER09101901 Abstract: In this paper, we consider a novel class of Krylov projection methods computed from the Lanczos biconjugate A-Orthonormalization procedure for the solution of dense complex non-Hermitian linear systems arising from the Method of Moments discretization of Maxwell's equations. We report on experiments on a set of model problems representative of realistic radar-cross section calculations to show their competitiveness with other popular Krylov solvers, especially when memory is a concern. The results presented in this study will contribute to assess the potential of iterative Krylov methods for solving electromagnetic scattering problems from large structures enriching the database of this technology.
 Bruno Carpentieri;Yan-Fei Jing;Ting-Zhu Huang PIER , 2010, DOI: 10.2528/PIER10072204 Abstract: We introduce a novel variant of the Lanczos method for computing a few eigenvalues of sparse and/or dense non-Hermitian systems arising from the discretization of Maxwell- or Helmholtz-type operators in Electromagnetics. We develop a Krylov subspace projection technique built upon short-term vector recurrences that does not require full reorthogonalization and can approximate simultaneously both left and rigth eigenvectors. We report on experiments for solving eigenproblems arising in the analysis of dielectric waveguides and scattering applications from PEC structures. The theoretical and numerical results reported in this study will contribute to highlight the potential and enrich the database of this technology for solving generalized eigenvalue problems in Computational Electromagnetics.
 A. M. Perelomov Mathematics , 2001, DOI: 10.1007/BF02551400 Abstract: An integral representation for matrix Airy function is presented
 Physics , 2009, Abstract: In this Letter we propose the concept of the evanescent Airy beam. We analyze the structure of the ideal evanescent Airy beam, which initial profile has the Airy form, while the spectral decomposition consists of only evanescent partial waves. Also, we discuss the refraction of the Airy beam through the interface and investigate the field of the transmitted evanescent Airy beam.
 Statistics , 2012, DOI: 10.1088/1742-5468/2013/02/P02001 Abstract: In this short paper we derive a formula for the spatial persistence probability of the Airy_1 and the Airy_2 processes. We then determine numerically a persistence coefficient for the Airy_1 process and its dependence on the threshold.
 Nadirashvili Nikolai Mathematics , 2014, Abstract: We prove that the Beltrami flow of ideal fluid in $R^3$ of a finite energy is zero.
 Physics , 1999, DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(00)91816-4 Abstract: The Lanczos algorithm for matrix tridiagonalisation suffers from strong numerical instability in finite precision arithmetic when applied to evaluate matrix eigenvalues. The mechanism by which this instability arises is well documented in the literature. A recent application of the Lanczos algorithm proposed by Bai, Fahey and Golub allows quadrature evaluation of inner products of the form $\psi^\dagger g(A) \psi$. We show that this quadrature evaluation is numerically stable and explain how the numerical errors which are such a fundamental element of the finite precision Lanczos tridiagonalisation procedure are automatically and exactly compensated in the Bai, Fahey and Golub algorithm. In the process, we shed new light on the mechanism by which roundoff error corrupts the Lanczos procedure
 Latin-American Journal of Physics Education , 2007, Abstract: We present a review of 3-tensor potential Labc proposed by Lanczos for the Weyl conformal curvature tensor. We show the role that plays Lanczos tensor in General Relativity for theoretical physics postgraduate students. In the same way that the electromagnetic vector potential can be used to compute the Maxwell field, the Lanczos potential can also be mployed to compute the Weyl curvature tensor of a gravitational field.
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