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 Mathematics , 2008, Abstract: Let $(X, d)$ be a compact metric space and let $\mathcal{M}(X)$ denote the space of all finite signed Borel measures on $X$. Define $I \colon \mathcal{M}(X) \to \R$ by $I(\mu) = \int_X \int_X d(x,y) d\mu(x) d\mu(y),$ and set $M(X) = \sup I(\mu)$, where $\mu$ ranges over the collection of signed measures in $\mathcal{M}(X)$ of total mass 1. The metric space $(X, d)$ is quasihypermetric if for all $n \in \N$, all $\alpha_1, ..., \alpha_n \in \R$ satisfying $\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i = 0$ and all $x_1, ..., x_n \in X$, one has $\sum_{i,j=1}^n \alpha_i \alpha_j d(x_i, x_j) \leq 0$. Without the quasihypermetric property $M(X)$ is infinite, while with the property a natural semi-inner product structure becomes available on $\mathcal{M}_0(X)$, the subspace of $\mathcal{M}(X)$ of all measures of total mass 0. This paper explores: operators and functionals which provide natural links between the metric structure of $(X, d)$, the semi-inner product space structure of $\mathcal{M}_0(X)$ and the Banach space $C(X)$ of continuous real-valued functions on $X$; conditions equivalent to the quasihypermetric property; the topological properties of $\mathcal{M}_0(X)$ with the topology induced by the semi-inner product, and especially the relation of this topology to the weak-$*$ topology and the measure-norm topology on $\mathcal{M}_0(X)$; and the functional-analytic properties of $\mathcal{M}_0(X)$ as a semi-inner product space, including the question of its completeness. A later paper [Peter Nickolas and Reinhard Wolf, Distance Geometry in Quasihypermetric Spaces. II] will apply the work of this paper to a detailed analysis of the constant $M(X)$.
 Mathematics , 2008, Abstract: Let $(X, d)$ be a compact metric space and let $\mathcal{M}(X)$ denote the space of all finite signed Borel measures on $X$. Define $I \colon \mathcal{M}(X) \to \R$ by $I(\mu) = \int_X \int_X d(x,y) d\mu(x) d\mu(y),$ and set $M(X) = \sup I(\mu)$, where $\mu$ ranges over the collection of signed measures in $\mathcal{M}(X)$ of total mass 1. This paper, with two earlier papers [Peter Nickolas and Reinhard Wolf, Distance geometry in quasihypermetric spaces. I and II], investigates the geometric constant $M(X)$ and its relationship to the metric properties of $X$ and the functional-analytic properties of a certain subspace of $\mathcal{M}(X)$ when equipped with a natural semi-inner product. Specifically, this paper explores links between the properties of $M(X)$ and metric embeddings of $X$, and the properties of $M(X)$ when $X$ is a finite metric space.
 Mathematics , 2009, Abstract: Let $(X, d)$ be a compact metric space and let $\mathcal{M}(X)$ denote the space of all finite signed Borel measures on $X$. Define $I \colon \mathcal{M}(X) \to \R$ by $I(mu) = \int_X \int_X d(x,y) d\mu(x) d\mu(y)$, and set $M(X) = \sup I(mu)$, where $\mu$ ranges over the collection of measures in $\mathcal{M}(X)$ of total mass 1. The space $(X, d)$ is \emph{quasihypermetric} if $I(\mu) \leq 0$ for all measures $\mu$ in $\mathcal{M}(X)$ of total mass 0 and is \emph{strictly quasihypermetric} if in addition the equality $I(\mu) = 0$ holds amongst measures $\mu$ of mass 0 only for the zero measure. This paper explores the constant $M(X)$ and other geometric aspects of $X$ in the case when the space $X$ is finite, focusing first on the significance of the maximal strictly quasihypermetric subspaces of a given finite quasihypermetric space and second on the class of finite metric spaces which are $L^1$-embeddable. While most of the results are for finite spaces, several apply also in the general compact case. The analysis builds upon earlier more general work of the authors [Peter Nickolas and Reinhard Wolf, \emph{Distance geometry in quasihypermetric spaces. I}, \emph{II} and \emph{III}].
 Brijnesh J. Jain Mathematics , 2015, Abstract: In this paper we study the geometry of graph spaces endowed with a special class of graph edit distances. The focus is on geometrical results useful for statistical pattern recognition. The main result is the Graph Representation Theorem. It states that a graph is a point in some geometrical space, called orbit space. Orbit spaces are well investigated and easier to explore than the original graph space. We derive a number of geometrical results from the orbit space representation, translate them to the graph space, and indicate their significance and usefulness in statistical pattern recognition.
 Mathematics , 2002, Abstract: A Banach space X has the average distance property (ADP) if there exists a unique real number r such that for each positive integer n and all x_1,...,x_n in the unit sphere of X there is some x in the unit sphere of X such that 1/n \sum_{k=1}^n ||x_k-x|| = r. We show that l_p does not have the average distance property if p>2. This completes the study of the ADP for l_p spaces.
 Hirokazu Nishimura Mathematics , 2010, Abstract: In this paper, as the second in our series of papers on differential geometry of microlinear Frolicher spaces, we study differenital forms. The principal result is that the exterior differentiation is uniquely determined geometrically, just as grad (ient), div (ergence) and rot (ation) are uniquely determined geometrically or physically in classical vector calculus. This infinitesimal characterization of exterior differentiation has been completely missing in orthodox differential geometry.
 James Borger Mathematics , 2010, Abstract: This is an account of the algebraic geometry of Witt vectors and arithmetic jet spaces. The usual, "p-typical" Witt vectors of p-adic schemes of finite type are already reasonably well understood. The main point here is to generalize this theory in two ways. We allow not just p-typical Witt vectors but those taken with respect to any set of primes in any ring of integers in any global field, for example. This includes the "big" Witt vectors. We also allow not just p-adic schemes of finite type but arbitrary algebraic spaces over the ring of integers in the global field. We give similar generalizations of Buium's formal arithmetic jet functor, which is dual to the Witt functor. We also give concrete geometric descriptions of Witt spaces and arithmetic jet spaces and investigate whether a number of standard geometric properties are preserved by these functors.
 Mathematics , 2014, Abstract: Using the Wodzicki residue, we build Wodzicki-Chern-Simons (WCS) classes in $H^{2k-1}(LM)$ associated to the residue Chern character on the loop space $LM$ of a Riemannian manifold $M^{2k-1}$. These WCS classes are associated to the $L^2$ connection and the Sobolev $s=1$ connections on $LM.$ The WCS classes detect several families of 5-manifolds whose diffeomorphism group has infinite fundamental group. These manifolds are the total spaces of the circle bundles associated to a multiple $p\omega, |p|\gg 0$, of the K\"ahler form $\omega$ over an integral K\"ahler surface.
 Mathematics , 2015, Abstract: We introduce a number of tools for finding and studying hierarchically hyperbolic spaces (HHS), a rich class of spaces including mapping class groups of surfaces, Teichm\"{u}ller space with either the Teichm\"{u}ller or Weil-Petersson metrics, right-angled Artin groups, and the universal cover of any compact special cube complex. We begin by introducing a streamlined set of axioms defining an HHS. We prove that all HHSs satisfy a Masur-Minsky-style distance formula, thereby obtaining a new proof of the distance formula in the mapping class group without relying on the Masur-Minsky hierarchy machinery. We then study examples of HHSs; for instance, we prove that when $M$ is a closed irreducible $3$--manifold then $\pi_1M$ is an HHS if and only if it is neither $Nil$ nor $Sol$. We establish this by proving a general combination theorem for trees of HHSs (and graphs of HH groups). Along the way, we prove various results about the structure of HHSs, for example: the associated hyperbolic spaces are always obtained, up to quasi-isometry, by coning off canonical coarse product regions in the original space (generalizing the relation established by Masur--Minsky between the complex of curves of a surface and Teichm\"{u}ller space). Relatedly, we introduce the notion of "hierarchical quasiconvexity", which in the study of HHS is analogous to the role played by quasiconvexity in the study of Gromov-hyperbolic spaces.
 Pei-Ming Ho Physics , 1995, DOI: 10.1142/S0217751X97000694 Abstract: An algebraic formulation of Riemannian geometry on quantum spaces is presented, where Riemannian metric, distance, Laplacian, connection, and curvature have their counterparts. This description is also extended to complex manifolds. Examples include the quantum sphere, the complex quantum projective spaces and the two-sheeted space.
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